Creating a New Era for Sino-African Cooperation
Ji Zhiye*
Abstract: China and African countries are developing countries. Both have achieved significant success in economic and trade cooperation.China’s development offers opportunities for African countries and more communication and mutual learning will create 21st century marvels.
Keywords: China-Africa cooperation, new era, an international community with a shared future for humanity
P resident Xi Jinping’s recent initiative to build an international community with a shared future for mankind has its origins in ancient Chinese philosophy about worldview and cultural harmony. The situation of Sino-African relations is a prime example of the advanced contemporary Chinese political ideas regarding peaceful coexistence, peaceful development, and a harmonious world order. The Chinese and African people have historically been in the same boat, so to speak. Both in the revolutionary period fighting colonialism and imperialism to gain independence, and in today’s efforts to raise living standards and national economic development, China and Africa are natural allies, like family members. Xi Jinping, in his debut visit to Africa shortly after being elected president, stated China’s African policy with four keywords: sincerity,practical results, affinity, and good faith. In 2018 after being reelected, he again chose Africa for his first visit, intentionally signaling the importance of Africa to Chinese leaders.
因此，新经济环境是技术进步和市场进步的共同结果，技术和市场对于中小制造企业将产生至关重要的影响。正确认识技术环境发展状况和市场环境的发展状况，是中小制造企业制定战略的思维基础。
Sino-African cooperation heads toward a new era with China’s Belt and Road Initiative because China treasures the strategic value of Africa in world politics,world economic growth,and cultural heritage.
From the mid-1990s, a growing tendency among Africa’s leaders has been to seek a peaceful environment, economic development, progress and unity. The economically turbulent“lost years”in parts of Africa are being replaced by“a century full of hope.”Political stability is more common now. African countries’promising future since independence tracks along a path paralleling a steadily improving international position. Based on my observation and analysis on the situation during the past few years, the time is coming for Africa to take a leap forward. Political stability,economic development, and ongoing cooperative integration of African nations are correctly aligned to put this in reach in the 21st Century.
In the 1990s, many African countries began turning their political systems from single-party rule to multi-party competition, and political stability can be expected for most African countries in the foreseeable future.The adoption of Western political design began 30 years ago and its clash with indigenous political models are being resolved in mainstream African politics. Numerous examples prove that it is a dead end to blindly copy foreign models. Though multi-party politics has a firm stand in Africa, it is not in a single form, but has been shaped into many varieties,depending on each nation’s needs and history. Any externally introduced political system must conform to the reality of African countries and the African people. More African leaders recognize that the time is ripe within peaceful, stable environments to develop smoothly. Without stability, even current achievements could be lost. Much effort is invested in testing grounds and improvement. In the governance sphere, some countries stress strengthening the ruling party’s ability, whereas others adjust presidential terms. Some modify election regulations, while others see the necessity of bettering conditions to improve relations among tribes.All are racking their brains to find suitable enduring political concepts and systems.
China’s development provides the world an opportunity to profit, and it affects Africa in particular.This year,the 40th anniversary for reform and opening up, saw a commitment by President Xi Jinping at the Boao Forum to China’s continued opening to the outside. In the next five years, China would import US$8 trillion in goods and invest US$750 billion in overseas markets. China will continue to provide Africa with high-quality,inexpensive commodities and enlarge investments there.China is willing to import more products from Africa so Chinese people would experience more“African tastes”by using products made in Africa and commercial services from Africa. China’s first International Import Expo, held in Shanghai in November 2018, hosted African countries and their enterprises and warmly welcomed them to the express train of development alongside China.
As African nations upgrade their economies in the 21st century, the huge potential of the African population is ready for release. Over 5%annual growth and an economy totaling US$2.5 trillion mean Africa is among the fastest developing regions, not as extensively affected by the international financial crisis and an emerging significant international market. The internal impetus means Africa no longer relies on resources and energy exports, as formerly, but is building its infrastructure, moving toward modern manufacturing, advancing its agriculture and service industries, and stretching production chains to produce more value added products. African countries, particularly Nigeria, South Africa and Ethiopia, are committed to economic diversification. The Agenda 2063 Framework Document, adopted unanimously in 2013 by the African Union(AU), targets the vigorous enhancement of regional cooperation and the realization of industrialization over the next half-century.
China, based on experience, understands Africa’s move toward development.When he met African diplomatic guests,President Xi Jinping repeatedly assured them that China would stand together with developing countries including African countries, and would be a genuine friend and reliable partner to African countries regardless of the extent of China’s development and no matter how the international landscape evolved. This is China’s serious promise and comes from the hearts of the Chinese people. China will make efforts to build a solid community with shared future with African countries and join in their course toward rejuvenation.
Among the indicators that the African continent is moving toward being free-standing territory lie the increase in the economic strength of individual countries, ongoing integration and teamwork, free trade discussion, and dialogue with developed countries. Establishing a free trade zone in Africa is the target of an agreement signed March 2018 by 44 countries at the AU’s Rwanda summit. Important international issues including global development, climate change, and reform of global governance are on the table. A dialogue mechanism with the G7, seeking equal partnership with developed countries, is another progressive step.Progress toward“solving African problems by Africans”is in the offing.By early 2017, the post-election Gambian crisis and government change were being managed by the AU and the West Africa Economic Community. A geopolitical stalemate which had beset Africa for 20 years saw some loosening in July 2018 after historic exchange visits by Ethiopia and Eritrea. Significantly, with the AU more autonomous and less reliant on outsiders,self-financing came to the fore in 2017 when 20 AU members were reportedly implementing the AU decision passed at the 27th conference.The levy could soon cover AU committee daily operation,75%of AU’s projects budget, and a quarter of AU peacekeeping operations.Achievements in the building of AU’s standing army mean the Union has a role in peace diplomacy issues in Somali and South Sudan, and the stabilization of Mali.The world can no longer turn a deaf ear to Africa as it develops into a force for multi-polarization and democratization of international relations.
For the past nine years, China has been the number one trade partner of Africa. With the direct investment stock of a record-breaking US$40 billion in 2018, it is expected that China within the decade could become Africa’s top investor.China is already the leading fund provider for Africa’s development. Based on a 2017 report by McKinsey & Co., the accumulated volume China provided to African infrastructure construction reached US$21 billion in 2015, far more than the total provided by the Infrastructure Consortium for Africa, including the World Bank Group,International Finance Corp., European Commission, European Investment Bank,African Development Bank,and G8 countries.
Continuing reform and opening-up,China will not change course.The Belt and Road Initiative is part of China’s opening up and desire for cooperation. Within a short five years, the initiative has grown from conception to action. Many projects have begun with African countries as strong partners, and signed agreements envision Addis Ababa-Djibouti and Mombasa-Nairobi rail links, a Pointe Noire economic zone in the Republic of Congo, the Foudiougne bridge project in Senegal, and the joint automotive project in South Africa. As the Tazara railway built in 1960s shows, China has kept its promise to develop and cooperate with Africa so the two can win together. China and Africa are good friends and brothers sharing weal and woe. Kahlil Gibran once said,“You may forget with whom you laughed, but you will never forget with whom you wept.”Despite numerous challenges and uncertainties, the trend of peaceful African development is ongoing. It was said that in ancient Egypt, a phoenix deliberately burnt itself and was born again. In Chinese myth, we also have the nirvana of the phoenix.The similar stories seem to symbolize the inevitability of the joint rise of China and Africa. China and Africa learning from each other through mutual exchange can create 21st century marvels.
单次大剂量注射 STZ 可引起快速的大量胰岛β 细胞坏死，通常诱导形成 1型糖尿病模型；多次低剂量注射则造成部分胰岛 β 细胞损伤，激发炎症反应，从而导致胰岛 β 细胞迅速失活，其同样诱导为 1型糖尿病模型[8]。
TIO是一种临床少见的获得性低磷性骨软化症，临床表现突出，但是无特异性，包括进行性骨痛、四肢乏力、活动受限、身高缩短等，严重影响患者的生活质量。病程早期常被误诊为强直性脊柱炎、骨质疏松、腰椎间盘突出等[5-6]。当患者生化检查结果表现为血磷水平降低、尿磷排出增多、磷廓清指数降低、碱性磷酸酶升高、血l，25(OH)2D3水平降低时，需要考虑到TIO的可能，但是需要除外遗传性低磷性骨软化症、肾小管酸中毒、范可尼综合征、原发性甲状腺旁腺亢进等其他原因所致的低磷性骨软化症。本研究37例确诊为TIO的患者，均符合上述临床症状及生化特点。
* Ji Zhiye is the senior adviser and former president of CICIR. This article,entitled“Kaichuang zhongfei hezuo xin shidai,”was first published in Xiandai guoji guanxi[Contemporary International Relations],No.8(2018):1-3.
(edited by Zhang Yimeng)
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