论非谓语动词的复习_动名词论文

浅谈怎样复习非谓语动词,本文主要内容关键词为:动词论文,浅谈论文,非谓语论文,此文献不代表本站观点,内容供学术参考,文章仅供参考阅读下载。

中学英语教材从初中到高中都涉及非谓语动词的教学内容。但是,学生到了高三时还未能完全掌握非谓语动词的用法。不少教师采取了分散教学、各个击破的方法教学该语法项目;虽然分散了教学难点,学生仍弄不清三种非谓语动词的区别,在使用时总是出错。为了帮助高三学生掌握非谓语动词的用法,笔者在总复习时采用了三点法——列表显示法、归纳比较法和练习巩固法,取得了较好的效果。

一、列表显示法

用列表的形式说明非谓语动词的用法可以使学生一目了然。下面两个表分别说明非谓语动词的句法功能及其时态和语态形式。

表1 非谓语动词的句法功能

主语 宾语 表语

补足语定语状语

不定式

√ √

√ √

动名词

√ √

√√

分词 √√ √ √

注:表中“√”表示能担任的句子成分。

表2 非谓语动词的时态与语态形式(以do为例)

注:过去分词只有一种形式,故未填入表内。

笔者引导学生列出上述两表的内容以后,让学生根据非谓语动词的用法造句,使学生能进一步掌握其用法。

二、归纳比较法

为了使学生弄清楚不定式、动名词和分词在用法上的区别,笔者从以下四个方面对非谓语动词进行了归纳和比较。

A.动名词与不定式

1.动名词和不定式均可用作主语和表语。

但在“It' s no...”或“There's no...”句型中多用动名词。例如:

It's no use/good sending more people there.

There's no telling when he will come.

在句型“It's+adj.+for/of sb.+...”或“It+v.+o(+for sb.)+...”中常用不定式。例如:

It's difficult/easy/important/necessary for me to do this.

It'S nice/good/clever/foolish of you to do this.

It takes great effort as well as patience for Annie to teach me.

It cost him all his life to write the book.

2.动名词和不定式均可用作宾语,但两者略有区别。不定式只能用作动词的宾语,而动名词还能用作介词的宾语。

(1)在“love,like,hate,begin,start”等动词后,动名词和不定式用作宾语时在意义上没有多大区别。

(2)在“mind,suggest,enjoy,finish,practise,can't help”等动词和一些带介词的短语动词(如“look forward to,devote...to,get/be used to”等)后,只能用动名词作宾语。

(3)在“hope,wish,want(想要),expect,pretend,decide,learn”等动词后,只能用不定式作宾语。

3.后接动名词和不定式作宾语时语义有区别的动词。

(1)动词“forget,remember,regret”后接动名词作宾语时表示“已做过某事”;后接不定式作宾语时,则表示“要做某事”。

(2)stop后的动名词表示“停止原来正在做的事情”;go on后的动名词则表示“继续做原来做的事情”。stop后的不定式作目的状语,表示“停止原来的事情以便做另一件事情”;go on后的不定式作宾语,表示“接着做一件事”。

(3)在“need,want(需要),require”后用动名词作宾语时常以主动形式表示被动意义,相当于用不定式的被动形式。例如:

The radio wants/needs/requires repairing=The radio wants/needs/requires to be repaired).这个收音机需要修理。

注:动名词作这些动词的宾语较为普遍。

B.动名词与现在分词

1.动名词和现在分词均可用作定语。其区别在于:现在分词对其后的名词起修饰作用,表示该名词的动作;而动名词则往往表示其后名词的用途或目的。通常情况下,动名词与其后的名词一起构成复合名词。例如:

working people(=people who are working)劳动的人民(现在分词)

working method(=method of working)工作方法(动名词)

2.动名词和现在分词均可用作表语。动名词是名词性的,表示行为,说明主语是什么;现在分词是形容词性的,表示主语的性质或特征。例如:

My favorite sport is swimming.(动名词)我喜爱的运动是游泳。

The story is moving.(现在分词)这故事是感人的。

3.动名词和现在分词前均可有名词或代词(在及物动词之后)。例如:

I like her(物主代词)/Jane's singing English songs.(动名词)

I hear her(代词宾格)/Jane(宾语)singing English songs.(现在分词)

这两种结构的区别在于:(1)动名词前的名词/代词可以代之以所有格,为动名词的复合结构作宾语;而现在分词前的名词/代词是宾语,现在分词则作宾语补足语。(2)“like,mind,enjoy,hate,suggest”等动词后接动名词作宾语;而“hear,see,watch,notice,feel,smell,catch,keep,leave,get”等动词后接现在分词作宾语补足语。

C.现在分词与不定式

1.某些动词(主要是感官动词,如“see,hear”等;使役动词,如“let,make”等)可后接现在分词或省略to的不定式作宾语补足语。例如:

I saw him enter the house.我看见他进了屋子。

I saw him wandering in the street.我看见他在街上徘徊。

其区别在于:分词表示正在进行的动作;不定式则表示一般性的或完成的动作。

2.现在分词和不定式均可用作宾语。现在分词通常表示“一个正在进行的动作或有特征性的动作”,而不定式则通常表示“一个未发生的,或具有情态意味的或已完成的动作”。例如:

Do you know the girl sitting(=who is sitting)at the desk?你认识坐在办公室桌旁的那个姑娘吗?

The house standing(=which stands)at the foot of the hill is a hospital.位于山脚下的那座房子是医院。

He is the proper person to translate(=who can translate)the book.他是翻译这本书的适当人选。

The first people to settle(=who settled)there were from Europe.首批在那里定居的是欧洲人。

3.现在分词和不定式作名词的定语时,它们与被修饰的名词之间的逻辑关系有所不同。

(1)现在分词所修饰的名词一定是其逻辑主语。例如:

The man writing(=who is writing)on the blackboard is our headmaster.正在黑板上写字的人是我们校长。

(2)不定式所修饰的名词可以是它的逻辑主语。例如:

He is the person to write(=who can write)the book.他是写那本书的合适人选。

被修饰的名词也可以是其逻辑宾语。例如:

He is the person to write about(=whom one can write about)。他是适合写一写的人物。

被修饰的名词还可以表示时间、地点或方式等关系。例如:

They are going to build a house to live in(=where they can live).他们打算建一座可以住的房子。

D.现在分词与过去分词

现在分词和过去分词的主要区别在于:现在分词表示主动的或进行的动作;而过去分词则表示被动的或已经完成的动作。例如:

China is a developing country,while Japan is a developed one.中国是一个发展中的国家,日本则是一个发达的国家。

三、练习巩固法

为使学生理解和掌握非谓语动词,并达到运用自如的目的,教师编写练习题时应做到题型多样化,题量少而且针对性要强。下面是笔者所设计的几种题型:

(一)填空

1.用括号中所给动词的适当形式填空(题后括号中为参考答案):

(1)It's no good______(wait)for them any longer.(waiting)

(2)I heard someone______(pass)behind me.(pass/passing)

(3)We found the soldiers______(stand) in the rain.(standing)

2.选择最佳答案填空(题后括号中为参考答案):

(1)The photos______yesterday have come out well.(B)

A.took B.taken

C.being taken

D.were taken

(2)The house is too old and wants______badly.(B)

A.to repair

B.repairing

C.being repaired D.having repaired

(3)______an answer,I decided to write to him again.(C)

A.Not to have received

B.Not receiving

C.Not having received

D.Having not received

(二)句型转换(箭头后为参考答案)

1.改下列复合句为简单句:

(1)Are you going to attend the meeting that is to be held tomorrow?

→Are you going to attend the meeting to be held tomorrow?

(2)The people who live in tbat village will build a power station.

→The people living in that village will build a power station.

(3)I wrote a letter after I did my homework.

→After doing my homework,I wrote a letter.或Having done my homework,I wrote a letter.

2.把下列各句改为复合句:

(1)The building being built belongs to our school.

→The building which is being built belongs to our school.

(2)He suggested our going to the cinema.

→He suggested that we(should)go to the cinema

(3)It's necessary for us to master at least one foreign language.

→It's necessary that we(should)master at least one foreign language.

(三)完成句子(题后括号中为参考答案)

(1)He entered the hall,______.(跟着老师)(following the teacher)

(2)When______(加热到100摄氏度时),water can be changed into steam.(heated to 100℃)

(3)The boss kept the boys______.(工作到十点)(working till 10 o'clock)

(四)翻译

(1)Mary's not taking the medicine made her mother angry.

→玛丽没有服药使妈妈很生气。

(2)Don't let the children burn the fallen leaves.

→别让孩子们焚烧落叶。

(3)最好把钱包交给警察。

→You'd better hand in the wallet to the police.

(4)我记得在哪里见过他,但忘记是在哪里了。

→I remember seeing him somewhere,but I forget where I saw him.

如果学生能准确地做出上述四种题型中的练习题,那就表明他们已经掌握了非谓语动词的用法,也就达到了复习的目的。

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论非谓语动词的复习_动名词论文
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