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中学英语教材从初中到高中都涉及非谓语动词的教学内容。但是,学生到了高三时还未能完全掌握非谓语动词的用法。不少教师采取了分散教学、各个击破的方法教学该语法项目;虽然分散了教学难点,学生仍弄不清三种非谓语动词的区别,在使用时总是出错。为了帮助高三学生掌握非谓语动词的用法,笔者在总复习时采用了三点法——列表显示法、归纳比较法和练习巩固法,取得了较好的效果。
一、列表显示法
用列表的形式说明非谓语动词的用法可以使学生一目了然。下面两个表分别说明非谓语动词的句法功能及其时态和语态形式。
表1 非谓语动词的句法功能
主语 宾语 表语
补足语定语状语
不定式
√ √
√
√ √
√
动名词
√ √
√√
分词 √√ √ √
注:表中“√”表示能担任的句子成分。
表2 非谓语动词的时态与语态形式(以do为例)
注:过去分词只有一种形式,故未填入表内。
笔者引导学生列出上述两表的内容以后,让学生根据非谓语动词的用法造句,使学生能进一步掌握其用法。
二、归纳比较法
为了使学生弄清楚不定式、动名词和分词在用法上的区别,笔者从以下四个方面对非谓语动词进行了归纳和比较。
A.动名词与不定式
1.动名词和不定式均可用作主语和表语。
但在“It' s no...”或“There's no...”句型中多用动名词。例如:
It's no use/good sending more people there.
There's no telling when he will come.
在句型“It's+adj.+for/of sb.+...”或“It+v.+o(+for sb.)+...”中常用不定式。例如:
It's difficult/easy/important/necessary for me to do this.
It'S nice/good/clever/foolish of you to do this.
It takes great effort as well as patience for Annie to teach me.
It cost him all his life to write the book.
2.动名词和不定式均可用作宾语,但两者略有区别。不定式只能用作动词的宾语,而动名词还能用作介词的宾语。
(1)在“love,like,hate,begin,start”等动词后,动名词和不定式用作宾语时在意义上没有多大区别。
(2)在“mind,suggest,enjoy,finish,practise,can't help”等动词和一些带介词的短语动词(如“look forward to,devote...to,get/be used to”等)后,只能用动名词作宾语。
(3)在“hope,wish,want(想要),expect,pretend,decide,learn”等动词后,只能用不定式作宾语。
3.后接动名词和不定式作宾语时语义有区别的动词。
(1)动词“forget,remember,regret”后接动名词作宾语时表示“已做过某事”;后接不定式作宾语时,则表示“要做某事”。
(2)stop后的动名词表示“停止原来正在做的事情”;go on后的动名词则表示“继续做原来做的事情”。stop后的不定式作目的状语,表示“停止原来的事情以便做另一件事情”;go on后的不定式作宾语,表示“接着做一件事”。
(3)在“need,want(需要),require”后用动名词作宾语时常以主动形式表示被动意义,相当于用不定式的被动形式。例如:
The radio wants/needs/requires repairing=The radio wants/needs/requires to be repaired).这个收音机需要修理。
注:动名词作这些动词的宾语较为普遍。
B.动名词与现在分词
1.动名词和现在分词均可用作定语。其区别在于:现在分词对其后的名词起修饰作用,表示该名词的动作;而动名词则往往表示其后名词的用途或目的。通常情况下,动名词与其后的名词一起构成复合名词。例如:
working people(=people who are working)劳动的人民(现在分词)
working method(=method of working)工作方法(动名词)
2.动名词和现在分词均可用作表语。动名词是名词性的,表示行为,说明主语是什么;现在分词是形容词性的,表示主语的性质或特征。例如:
My favorite sport is swimming.(动名词)我喜爱的运动是游泳。
The story is moving.(现在分词)这故事是感人的。
3.动名词和现在分词前均可有名词或代词(在及物动词之后)。例如:
I like her(物主代词)/Jane's singing English songs.(动名词)
I hear her(代词宾格)/Jane(宾语)singing English songs.(现在分词)
这两种结构的区别在于:(1)动名词前的名词/代词可以代之以所有格,为动名词的复合结构作宾语;而现在分词前的名词/代词是宾语,现在分词则作宾语补足语。(2)“like,mind,enjoy,hate,suggest”等动词后接动名词作宾语;而“hear,see,watch,notice,feel,smell,catch,keep,leave,get”等动词后接现在分词作宾语补足语。
C.现在分词与不定式
1.某些动词(主要是感官动词,如“see,hear”等;使役动词,如“let,make”等)可后接现在分词或省略to的不定式作宾语补足语。例如:
I saw him enter the house.我看见他进了屋子。
I saw him wandering in the street.我看见他在街上徘徊。
其区别在于:分词表示正在进行的动作;不定式则表示一般性的或完成的动作。
2.现在分词和不定式均可用作宾语。现在分词通常表示“一个正在进行的动作或有特征性的动作”,而不定式则通常表示“一个未发生的,或具有情态意味的或已完成的动作”。例如:
Do you know the girl sitting(=who is sitting)at the desk?你认识坐在办公室桌旁的那个姑娘吗?
The house standing(=which stands)at the foot of the hill is a hospital.位于山脚下的那座房子是医院。
He is the proper person to translate(=who can translate)the book.他是翻译这本书的适当人选。
The first people to settle(=who settled)there were from Europe.首批在那里定居的是欧洲人。
3.现在分词和不定式作名词的定语时,它们与被修饰的名词之间的逻辑关系有所不同。
(1)现在分词所修饰的名词一定是其逻辑主语。例如:
The man writing(=who is writing)on the blackboard is our headmaster.正在黑板上写字的人是我们校长。
(2)不定式所修饰的名词可以是它的逻辑主语。例如:
He is the person to write(=who can write)the book.他是写那本书的合适人选。
被修饰的名词也可以是其逻辑宾语。例如:
He is the person to write about(=whom one can write about)。他是适合写一写的人物。
被修饰的名词还可以表示时间、地点或方式等关系。例如:
They are going to build a house to live in(=where they can live).他们打算建一座可以住的房子。
D.现在分词与过去分词
现在分词和过去分词的主要区别在于:现在分词表示主动的或进行的动作;而过去分词则表示被动的或已经完成的动作。例如:
China is a developing country,while Japan is a developed one.中国是一个发展中的国家,日本则是一个发达的国家。
三、练习巩固法
为使学生理解和掌握非谓语动词,并达到运用自如的目的,教师编写练习题时应做到题型多样化,题量少而且针对性要强。下面是笔者所设计的几种题型:
(一)填空
1.用括号中所给动词的适当形式填空(题后括号中为参考答案):
(1)It's no good______(wait)for them any longer.(waiting)
(2)I heard someone______(pass)behind me.(pass/passing)
(3)We found the soldiers______(stand) in the rain.(standing)
2.选择最佳答案填空(题后括号中为参考答案):
(1)The photos______yesterday have come out well.(B)
A.took B.taken
C.being taken
D.were taken
(2)The house is too old and wants______badly.(B)
A.to repair
B.repairing
C.being repaired D.having repaired
(3)______an answer,I decided to write to him again.(C)
A.Not to have received
B.Not receiving
C.Not having received
D.Having not received
(二)句型转换(箭头后为参考答案)
1.改下列复合句为简单句:
(1)Are you going to attend the meeting that is to be held tomorrow?
→Are you going to attend the meeting to be held tomorrow?
(2)The people who live in tbat village will build a power station.
→The people living in that village will build a power station.
(3)I wrote a letter after I did my homework.
→After doing my homework,I wrote a letter.或Having done my homework,I wrote a letter.
2.把下列各句改为复合句:
(1)The building being built belongs to our school.
→The building which is being built belongs to our school.
(2)He suggested our going to the cinema.
→He suggested that we(should)go to the cinema
(3)It's necessary for us to master at least one foreign language.
→It's necessary that we(should)master at least one foreign language.
(三)完成句子(题后括号中为参考答案)
(1)He entered the hall,______.(跟着老师)(following the teacher)
(2)When______(加热到100摄氏度时),water can be changed into steam.(heated to 100℃)
(3)The boss kept the boys______.(工作到十点)(working till 10 o'clock)
(四)翻译
(1)Mary's not taking the medicine made her mother angry.
→玛丽没有服药使妈妈很生气。
(2)Don't let the children burn the fallen leaves.
→别让孩子们焚烧落叶。
(3)最好把钱包交给警察。
→You'd better hand in the wallet to the police.
(4)我记得在哪里见过他,但忘记是在哪里了。
→I remember seeing him somewhere,but I forget where I saw him.
如果学生能准确地做出上述四种题型中的练习题,那就表明他们已经掌握了非谓语动词的用法,也就达到了复习的目的。