英语阅读教学中的语篇教学法,本文主要内容关键词为:教学法论文,英语阅读论文,教学中论文,此文献不代表本站观点,内容供学术参考,文章仅供参考阅读下载。
语篇教学是阅读教学的关键和目标。词汇教学应当花费少量时间,选择最佳技法、力争达到较好效果,词汇教学要服从和服务于语篇教学,英语语篇按文体(genre)分为记叙文(narrative) 、
描述文(description)、政论文(argumenta- tion)、释义文(exposition)等。这些文体又分别应用于新闻报道、广告、法律、文书、学术论文等。因此,阅读文语篇教学,根据文体特点来组织、设计教学,优化教学方案,是较好的切入口。目前文献中常见的三种阅读理论模式,是从上至下模式、反应——补偿模式。这种模式和框架显得太宽泛,不易在教学中把握,笔者在教学中将上述模式灵活运用,结合学生心理特点,文体特点,以及“文化”内涵,进行了几种教学法的探索,效果良好。语篇教学法的基本教学原则在于阅读文教学应是课内外创设条件,让学生自我进行语言习得,和教师主导有机结合,而非传统的紧扣教材教什么内容的问题, 阅读文中创设条件主要应是课堂训练要有信息差(information gap消除学生对课文理解的不确定性); 训练要准确,又要流畅,难易适度,由易到难激发兴趣;制造让学生出错的问题进行重点讲评,而非每错必纠。
(一)整体教学法:文章的主旨大意就是对文章中心思想的理解。文章的教材、取材都依据文章中心。因此,我们可以抓中心、析标题进行阅读教学,让学生从整体上纵观全文结构和内容。同时,也可以让学生的思维发散,真正在阅读教学中既能放开又能收笼,既抓大又放小。
着手的主要内容:
①main idea ②title ③topic sentence
文章无定式。但文章有章法。英语文章尤为明显。其常见的写作模式:
模式1、Introduction (present situation)
Background information
Topic sentence......
Body
....................
......supporting detail
short summary
(Prediction) Opinion
Conclusion suggestion solution
recommendation (call for action)
模式2、
Topic sentence......
Introduction ......supporting detail
......thesis statement
Topic sentence(Maior point one
......supporting detail
BodyTopic sentence(Maior point two
......supporting detail
Conclusion short summary
模式3 General introductory remarks
Introduction narrow controlling idea
Topic sentence............
.............supporting detail
(exampies、reasons、arguments)
......concluding remarks
Conclusion Restatement of controlling idea
中学英语SBⅡ(上)Lesson 34 (Saving the earth)
SBⅡ(上)Lesson 6 No smoking,please写作模式遵循了模式2 进行信息选择,有利于培养独立阅读、独立写作的能力,至于其他要求便水到渠成。
(二)线索教学法:记叙文(narrative )以记人叙事为主,包括的内容有:个人经历、文学传记、新闻消息、历史文献及讲述故事的小短文、小说之类。阅读时应抓住几个要素5W+H(Who、When、 Where、Why、What、How)
以时间顺序(chronological order)展开的阅读文,例如:
Abraham Lincoln(1809、1818、1860、1864、1865)
Karl Marx(1818、1842、1849、1840s、1853、1870s)
Albert Einstein(1879、1893、1896、1905、1921、1933、1955)
Martin Luther King:(1929、1948、1951、1964、1965、1968)
阅读以事件发生顺序安排的文章:
How a Newspaper is produced 的线索:
The chief editor holds a meating →journalists interviewpeople and write stories →photographers
take
photos →photographs arequicklydeveloped →Editors check thereports →Editors write the headlines →The newpapers areprinted→the newpapers are delivered by train and truck
例如阅读下列文章
Abraham Lincoln was a strong man,both physically
andmentally,He was 1.9 meters.He was thin weighed 81 kilos.Hewas physically powerful and he could lift 180 kilos easily.Hismind and body worked steadily ,and he never seemed
to
tirementally or physically.He was very plain looking and plainacting.Although his physical appearance and dress made himcommon looking ,his actions and decisions were
anything butcommon.
作者在这段不仅从外部特征写出林肯体魄强壮,而且通过细节描写,深入到内心世界, 进行表现其坚定的性格。 教学中可抓住:strongpowerful、steadily、plain looking and plain acting 、 commonlooking 集中表现出perseverance of Abraham Lincoln' s character。
(三)速记教学法:让学习进NOTE—MAKING,抓细节,深入理解全文内容。
阅读SBI(上)Lesson 2 American English
itemAmerican English
British English
words
espressions
meaning
阅读:SBⅡ(上)Lesson 2 Walt Disncy:
please write notes about Walt disneys life
Born:
Cartoon characters:
Died:
Became well-known:
Wish:
Successes:
Work:
阅读:ALbert Einstein
(1) Name:ALbert Einstein Born:
Died:
Studied:
Worked:
Doctors degree received:
Scientisfic research: Interests:
What he got for his new discovers:
Moved to the USA:
(2)Referece:
①himself: ②it: ③there: ④that:
⑤where:
⑥one:⑦which: ⑧which:
(四)背景知识介绍法:
新教材涉及的题材比较广泛,反映了英语国家历史和地理、风土人情、名人传记、新闻出版、体态语言、戏剧、文学、音乐、卫生、禁烟、自然灾害、环境保护、航天技术、残疾人事业、集邮爱好、体育运动、计算机、食物、文物、货币、国际大型会议简况、妇女、儿童、黑人问题。题材的广泛性延展了学生思维的开放性。利用背景知识教学,不仅有利于学生掌握阅读文的梗概,而且在教学内容中渗透了思想教育的因素,利于培养学生良好的道德情感,提高文化素养。教材中的选材体现了时代性、思想性、知识性,背景知识的介绍加深了学生对材料的领悟,从而有益于启迪他们正确的认识世界,激发起他们对人类社会发展的责任与使命感。
背景知识是英语文化的部分。挖掘英语文化,并将这种文化融入到外语教学中,是将英语作为一门活脱脱的语言进行教学的体现。如果老师的视野局限于课堂和教材,必然与学生思维的活跃性、开放性、形成强烈的矛盾,因此,囿于教材的教学方法、手段和教学思想,其前景是黯淡的。“英语并不是一种自我封闭的文化实体而一定要学生去适应它,不同的文化背景者讲英语会有不同的文化感受和内心体验。因此,外语教学不是要消除或模糊中英语言文化的边界而是要挖掘边界并使它更加清晰(加州大学伯克利分校Claire Kramsch)。”介绍背景知识显得尤为重要。通过背景知识的介绍,学生会更加明确中英两种语言的差异,真正让学生逐渐摆脱汉语思维的习惯,达到基本上能自由灵活地阅读和使用英语。
背景知识的范围广泛,笔者归纳为以下几种:
人物背景:Albert Einstein Abraham Lincoln
Charlie Chaplin Martin Luther
King
Ludwig Van Beethoven
地名、节日、特殊标志:(见上文词汇部分)
科普知识:Satellites
Life in the future Hurricance
Computer Saving the earth
Ocean lives
历史背景:the American Civil War
the Great wall of China
the First World War
the Second World War
政治背景:the Black slaves movement 1789 Revolution
风俗背景:Body Language
作家作品:The Civil war in France.
The Communist Manifesto
the Gettysbery Address 葛底斯堡演讲词
I have a good dream 我有一个梦
Mark twain 马克·吐温
Guy de Maupassant 莫泊桑
地理知识:运用直观教具(地球仪、地图、作图 )介绍城市的气候、位置、物产、以及人文知识。
广告、新闻知识:广告、新闻写作词约而意丰,掌握广告、新闻的写作特点,有利于解决这类应用文阅读问题。
戏剧知识:time、place、characters、stage、directions
实际上,按英语教学大纲要求,把背景知识作为学生的泛读材料,提倡泛读,无益于是一种可贵的借鉴。
(五)段落提问教学法:这是将整体教学法细化到段落和章节中。
1、关于主旨题的提问形式常见的有:
①The main idea of this text may be…….
②This article is mainly about…….
③The author's purpose in writing this text…….
④Which of the following is the best title for the passage.
⑤Which statement best expresses the main idea of theparagraph.
2、关于some details:
①who、where、when、what、why、how
②According to the passage which of the following is NOTa statement.
③In the pragraph the word "they"(it 、 which 、 oneself)refers to……
④Choose the right order of the events given in thepassage.
⑤Which of the following is NOT true?
3、推断型
①the author Implies that …….
②Implied but not stated …….
③the tone of this article is …….
④what are some of the stated details.
⑤It can be inferred from the text that.
⑥The author suggests that …….
4、作者的观点类型的提问形式
①The author believes that …….
②The author think that …….
③According to the author …….
④The author agree with …….
⑤The author gives his opinion that …….
⑥The author's point of view …….
⑦The author holds that …….
⑧The tone of this passage is …….
⑨The author's attitude toward this topic is …….
5、归类型
①We can summarize the main idea that …….
②The conclusion of the text is …….
(六)讨论教学法:运用讨论教学的关键在于设疑并正确引导,让学生分成组块,各自站在不同的立场,把握观点。这样有利于培养学生的辩证观及自由、大胆运用英语表达自己的看法。同时,又把教学放在英语语言环境中,创设交际表达的情景,从而充分调动了学生的参与性、主动性、创造性。
Discussion work in pairs:
①Is smoking a bad habit? If so,giue your reasons andoffer some advice on how to stop it if not,why?
②Do you like smoking? why or why not?
1.Opinion:Some students hate smoking
a.Smoking is a bad habit.
b.Smoking is harmful not only to yourself,but also to others.
c.Smoking causes pollution.
d.Smoking may cause fires.
e.It is said that if you smoke one cigarette,your lifewill be one second shorter.
f.In my opinion,smoking means buying death with money.
g.I have learned from a newspaper that tens of thousandsof people in the world die of smoking every day.
2.Opinion:Someone is for smoking
a.Chairman Mao Zedong likes
smoking. President DengXiaoping likes smoking.we should kmow many political leaderslike smoking.
b.Smoking can help us to activate our minds.
c.Smoking can get rid of our weary spirits and make uskeep high spirits.
d.Smoking can help us communicate with others.
e.Smoking can increase our taxation.
(七)翻译法和结构分析法。由于学生认识水平和知识层次有限,语言表达仍未成熟,书面语言的运用有待加强。将翻译法和结构分析法结合,有利于提高学生的理解力。翻译教学中教会学生掌握翻译技巧是关键。事实上,在研究生考试中,专设阅读语篇翻译题,这应该是一种正确的导向,翻译是一门艺术,更能充分体现学生水平和综合素养。当然,在英语学习初级阶段,英语教学应尽可能少用翻译法。对于结构复杂、辩析生词、难度大的应适当翻译。在英语中正确使用翻译法,有助于学生感悟汉语和英语的韵味。
例如:Using body language in a correct way will helpcommunicate with people and make them stay in a foreigncountry easy and comfortable.正确地运用身势语, 有助于同人们进行交际,并使你在外国逗留时会感到轻松而愉快。
He put a finger in his mouth,tasted it and smiled,lookingrather pleased.
他把手放到嘴边,尝了一下,微微一笑,悠然自乐。
(八)Paraphrase(异译法):将复杂的英语句子用简单英语异译,让学生明白新句的内涵,这种方法应大量使用到教学中。
①Possibly this person died without anyone knowing wherethe coins were hidden.
=It is possible that after the death of this person, noone knows where the coins were hidden.
②The ones which decide not to keep
can
be
traded with other people.
=You can give the stamps which you don't need to otherpeople in exchange for new ones.
阅读文教学中的许多相关问题在教学中亦应引起教师的足够重视。阅读文教学侧重于阅读理解能力和英语文化素养的培养与提高。但我们并不能排斥分析难句、解析新语法现象、精练语法知识和语言点,并不排斥略读(skim)、扫读(scan )或跳读(skip)、细读、精读, 总结单元和篇章、惯用法、成语、习语、口语表达法等常规教学步骤和方法;另一方面,阅读教学需要加强学生听、读课文、培养其语感,并且根据精读材料,用自己所学的英语语言,进行总结、归类、分析。
笔者认为阅读文同样可改定、设计为改错题、完形填空题、单词拼写题、指代关系题、难句含义选择题,运用多种方式,强化学生对语言点的发现、理解、判断、纠错的能力,进而培养其对词法、句法及语篇结构中的行文逻辑等方面的运用能力。
笔者建议,阅读教学首先侧重阅读和理解,同时兼顾听、说、写的综合训练,把英语阅读教学法作为一个子系统,来探讨其内在各要素的关系(如:学生英语思维能力的培养、学潮指导、及其他相关的基础学科的关系),充分吸收目标教学法、情况教学法的优点,力求创设硬件条件,运用电视、录相、幻灯、计算机等现代教育媒体,优化教学手段,最大限度地合理配置教育、信息资源,加大教育改革力度,使英语教育更快更好适应21世纪对英语人才的要求。