New Sino-US Strategic Gambling and China's Strategy
Wang Honggang*
Abstract: Since confidence is fading and anxiety is increasing in the US,America’s China policy has become more radical. In the short term, the US has the upper hand and China is in a relatively passive position. In the medium- and long-term, there will be more balance between them. This current strategic gambling between China and the US will be the major issue of international politics in the first half of the 21st century and the most prominent external challenge China faces. China needs to make strategic adjustments but the gamble may be worthwhile in correcting imbalance in the international order and in the co-evolution of the two countries.
Keywords: Sino-US relations, strategic gambling, US strategy toward China,China’s strategy toward the US
A mid the trade conflict and other complexities, the future direction of Sino-US ties is a significant issue. Overall bilateral relations have evolved in a positive way in the past several decades, but protectionist pressures have intervened. Does the decoupling of US and Chinese economies, technology and society show that their bilateral ties are destabilizing? Whether there are major negatives on the way is a puzzle that undermines international confidence. The uncertainty of future Sino-US relations has influenced both countries’development as well as world peace and prosperity. Based on an assessment of the international environment,the author analyzes the current China-US relationship and the US’likely trajectory,and concludes with recommendations.
Sino-US Strategic Gambling
Profound changes are playing a decisive role in China-US conflicts.Four decades of economic prosperity and political stability in the world since the 1980s created hopes that globalization could alleviate deep-seated conflicts between countries of different political systems, between the power elite and ordinary people, and between great powers and emerging powers, but the international order transition, domestic politics and thirdparty activity have had direct consequences on Sino-US relations.
随着黑龙江北方经济的不断发展和极端天气的频繁发生，我国逐渐意识到，经济发展不能以牺牲环境为代价，因此开始重视绿化工作，和造林成活率高的问植树造林是评价造林项目的重要指标。目前，影响成活率和造林质量的主要因素包括空气湿度、温度和光照强度的气候因素、土壤酸碱度、含水量和污染程度，并在造林后期管理。此外，不同的植物有不同的生长习性，因此对种植季节有不同的要求。不同的。因此，针对这些影响因素，本文提出了提高黑龙江北方造林成活率和造林质量。造林前，应做好苗木假植和种植，选择不同类型的树木不同肥料类型，严格控制灌溉水和土壤的质量，试验前绿化，并在后做好林地管理阶段，提高经济效益。
Foremost is that difficulties in global governance have major countries igniting strategic competition for the sake of international order transitioning. Current global governance, built upon post-World War II organizations and mechanisms, has been dominated by Western countries.The fundamental flaw of the global governance system lies in the contradictions between transnational governance issues and national entities as the key players in the global governance. Divergence among sovereign states on issues about the economy, security, society and ecology complicate global challenges such as the financial crisis, terrorism, the wealth gap, and climate change. Because the underdeveloped international order has intensified global economic imbalance and stagnation, a more rule-based,cooperative globalization is needed to increase the governance system’s coverage, effectiveness and legitimacy. At present, many countries are restrained by domestic distress from global cooperation and from providing public goods, making it more difficult to create an acknowledged interests distribution and a new type of governance structure.This situation will not change in the short term.
在国外，大型仪器设备的产权归属是清晰明确的，政府和科研平台在整个体系中的责任权利也是清晰明确的。而我国各种大型仪器设备都被笼统地视为国有资产，但又无法确认所谓国有到底是归谁负责，仪器设备的产权事实上属于模糊状态，各方的责任权利不明，也难以设计出合理的管理及开放共享机制。
Rules, constraints, and interference by the US government will continue to be applied to China. Using“freedom of religion,”“women’s rights”and other human right concerns to interfere in Chinese domestic and foreign policy, the US will employ discriminatory measures such as strict labor standards, environmental standards and international standards in intellectual rights protection against China’s foreign commercial activities. There is much discussion in the US about removing preferential treatment for China.The US believes that China should shoulder additional obligations as a“developed country,”complains about China’s marketdistorting practices, and makes an effort with other developed countries to implement rules against China.1 “2018 Report to Congress of the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission,”November 2018,accessed March 15,2019,https://www.uscc.gov/sites/default/files/annual_reports/2018%20Annual%20Report%20to%20Congress.pdf. Several provisions in the US-Mexico-Canada agreement (USMCA) are aimed at containing China and at making sure Canada and Mexico do the same.The Trump administration attempted a“poison pill”practice against the non-market economy, and a new trade system that puts China at risk in transforming its industrial structure and policy.2 James Politi,“Trump’s‘Poison Pill’in China Trade Fight,”Financial Times,October 9,2018,accessed March 15,2019,https://www.ft.com/content/d5b68530-cab3-11e8-b276-b9069bde0956; Sean Higgins,“US-Mexico-Canada Deal Targets China with‘Poison Pill’Provision,”October 7, 2018, accessed March 15, 2019,https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/policy/economy/us-mexico-canada-deal-targets-china-with-poison-pill-provision.
The two countries’domestic political contexts could affect bilateral ties since China and the US each seek a more balanced economic structure,some political consensus,an ease in the social fabric,and a more beneficial external environment to heal internal problems magnified by globalization,to strengthen strategic independence and to increase competitiveness. In this transitional round,the two countries emphasize economic independence,political security and social stability. The slogan“America first”ironically reveals ordinary Americans’dissatisfaction with the US’excessive participation in globalization. The US could succeed in creating domestic jobs through an economic restructuring reliant on technological advantage and high profit, while making China the fall guy by complaining about trade deficits, currency exchange, China’s tech policy and“unfair competition”by Chinese state-owned businesses. Ultimately, the US’core concern is its own economic security, especially industry chain security.Thus, increased vigilance of China, resistance to China’s technological equipment and its business investments in the US, suspicion that culture exchange and technological research collaboration are interventions in US domestic politics or theft of US secrets are the next steps toward polarized opinion formation in the US that ultimately could change China-US relations for the worse.
China’s focus on building a mature, competitive, modern country calls for rigorous governance, party support for anti-corruption, and the goal-based implementation of economic transition, poverty reduction, antipollution, cultural development and external cooperation policies. At the April 2014 meeting of the National Security Commission of the CPC Central Committee, Xi Jinping emphasized a holistic approach involving safeguards for China’s security and development. This irritates US’suspicions of China’s development direction. China’s industrial chain upgrade and independent innovation that enhance its enterprises’competitiveness further goad the Trump administration. The end of high monopoly profit for Western businesses and new regulations that diminish freedom of movement for US non-governmental organizations (NGOs)discomfort the United States.
The US overestimates China’s influence and argues that China seeks to“interfere in the domestic policies of the US.”US Vice President Mike Pence blamed China for interfering in the US election and politics.3 “Vice President Mike Pence’s Remarks on the Administration’s Policy Towards China,”October 4,2018,The Hudson Institute,accessed March 15,2019,https://www.hudson.org/events/1610-vice-president-mike-pence-s-remarks-on-the-administration-s-policy-towards-china102018. The US ordered Chinese state-run media agencies to register as foreign agents and restricted their activities, criticized China’s Confucius Institutes at US universities for the destruction of academic independence,and severely restricted technological cooperation and people-to-people exchanges between China and the United States. A group of US scholars warned that China’s penetration in American universities and enterprises must not be ignored.
The China-US strategic gambling has only begun. It will be a longterm process. The US occupies a prominent place but in the long run,China’s advantage will emerge.
The military strength of China and the US, their arsenal of nuclear weapons and development of other weapons of mass destruction restrain the growing risk of radicalization and aggressive attempts by both sides.Because the possibility of mutual destruction seems sufficient grounds for common existence, China and the US endorse strategic dialogue, arms control and crisis management. The vast disparity between them offers space to collaborate for mutual benefit. No matter how much trade ties worsen, the foundations of mutually beneficial cooperation will remain intact. Just as China-US market and technology was important before, the US will continue to depend on China’s market scale and consumption potential, seeking more cooperation with China in advanced technology.Fostering global consumption capacity, their collaboration contributes to a win-win. However, the symbiotic relationship merely precludes the possibility of eliminating the presence of each other. The Soviet Union-US rivalry concluded with the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. The concern about international order transformation and development in China propelled the US to reduce trust and make preemptive moves. An unavoidable blame game ensues in which both sides strike back and assert they are the victim. Bilateral relations could worsen, becoming more fraught than they were in political disturbance in Beijing in 1989, cross-Straits crisis, China-US aircraft collision incident and the US-led NATO bombing of the Chinese embassy in Yugoslavia in 1999.
Strategic competition will intensify with an increase in the security dilemma. China is named as a“strategic competitor”in the 2017 National Security Strategy of the United States. Since comprehensive strategic competition has replaced the cooperative relationship China and the US previously had, the bilateral relationship has additional pages on which to write a new destiny for the two. China and the US will mobilize resources in this strategic gamble, and maintain a proactive stance rather than one of self-restraint and reduced vigilance. Only when it becomes unbearable for one side to pay a heavy price will the bottom line be reached. For the consideration of domestic politics, national interests and international respect,the gamble in international order transition,global partnership,and future growth inevitably relate to politics, economy, society and ideology.The strategic gamble includes options for cooperation, competition, rivalry and even warfare.
在MoO3还原成MoO2的过程中存在低熔点中间相Mo4O11和MoO2.89的相变过程[5]，该转变过程为放热反应，若料层厚度较厚，则反应过程中的热量较难逸出，易使中间相出现局部熔融从而造成板结形成粗大颗粒，在粒度分布上呈现明显的第二峰。
US’China Policy
In the past,the US emphasized the actual benefits and potential prospects of transforming the Chinese development model, but US policy toward China has shifted from decades of engagement to confrontation on multiple fronts since rising powers like China challenge US hegemony. With US social and political polarization undermining American strategic confidence,competition,risk, pressures, and even acceptance of potentially negative outcomes for the US characterize the contentious trade war with China.
The comprehensive technology competition is an outgrowth of concern over future economic growth. The US is ensuring that its technological export to China occurs under strict governmental control.Aware of Chinese high-tech innovation, the US enacted in 2018 the Foreign Investment Risk Review Modernization Act and the Export Control Reform Act to review Chinese technological investment and to restrict the exchange of scientific research between China and the United States. The US government proposed a ban on import of Chinese technological equipment and warned US businesses and the electorate to guard against Chinese technologic“theft.”In addition to increased opposition to China-US tech cooperation, the US interferes with China’s technologic innovation. The serious sanctions against China’s Huawei and ZTE could be used on other Chinese high-tech enterprises.
Made in China 2025, a government-led industrial program, is also central to the trade dispute. Fearing the increasing connectivity between China and other countries involved in the Belt and Road Initiative, the US is taking measures to undercut China’s cooperation with these countries.When the US passed the Better Utilization of Investment Leading to Development (BUILD Act) in October 2018, and created a new development agency—the US International Development Finance Corporation(USIDFC),these opened the door to competitiveness.With the assistance of Europe,Japan,Australia and other allies,the US can mobilize private capital to offer Asian, African and Latin American countries other choices to reduce the attractiveness of Chinese development aid.1 Daniel Runde and Romina Bandura,“The BUILD Act Has Passed: What’s Next?,”October 12, 2018, accessed March 15, 2019, https://www.csis.org/analysis/build-act-haspassed-whats-next. The US could also make use of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977 (FCPA),Anti-Money Laundering (AML), and Global Magnitsky Human Rights Accountability Act to conduct“long-arm jurisdiction”toward Chinese“irregularities”in its external cooperation.
For the consolidation of its important strategic resources, the US compels allies and partners to choose sides, sometimes playing the culture card to elicit empathy within Western identity. If economies in transition have to think about making a choice between Western vs. non-Western,between emerging power and hegemonic power, between democratic and non-democratic, or market economy and non-market economy, they will recognize in the starkness of such binary choices in political and economic models, how the US government strategy has been that of isolation and sanction against countries who learned from China’s or Russia’s model.Economic aid,political infiltration and military cooperation are also part of US foreign policy seeking to entice other countries.
The international system’s imbalance is a process that involves major powers jostling in competition. China and the US have to develop their adaptive abilities to deal with each other.Among major powers the current competition is for more market share. Countries take practical measures to protect their domestic markets while demanding others open their markets to international comers. What has heated up the economic situation is the massive change that looms as artificial intelligence, automated manufacturing, new communications and biotechnologies mature and revolutionize all they touch. To seize the opportunity for national interests in the transformation of international order is another competing priority.The supporting structure of any international pattern is a country’s foundational philosophy and priorities. Both economic and international order competition will necessarily trigger ideological conflict.
作为内浮顶储罐，密封部件是关键，密封是否完好、有效，关乎该类储罐运行效率，油气挥发对企业经济造成的损失以及潜在的安全隐患和可能造成的局部环境污染。存储不同物料、储罐容量大小等不同，对浮盘材质的选用以及浮盘密封形式[3]亦有不同。
Security deterrence has been beefed up. US global strategy regarding maintenance of allies’security dependence, and security deterrence against US’enemies. The US has long deployed dimensional military layout in Northeast, Southeast, and South Asia to deter China, established new security deterrence against China’s weakness. Because China relies on international financial public goods, foreign technology and equipment, the connectivity of Chinese infrastructure projects and domestic unprotected core data storage has made it easier for the US to find holes in China’s financial, technological, cyber, informational, infrastructure and biological security.
A broader range of geopolitical containment is also being employed.China and the US have had strategic contests on the Taiwan question,Korean Peninsula problem, and South China Sea issue; the Indo-Pacific,Central Asia, Africa and Latin America are new geopolitical concerns for both China and the United States. The US government could have more military cooperation with Taiwan and high-level communications with Taiwan officials in order to challenge the reunification of the island of Taiwan with Chinese mainland. The Korean peninsula’s volatility intensifies northeast Asian countries’insecurity,with potential to become a geopolitical trap for China. In the South China Sea, the US’freedom of navigation operations attempt to block China’s effort to strengthen its regional maritime claims.The Trump administration has proposed an Indo-Pacific strategy, using Australia, India and other regional powers’fear of China to escalate the situation into a violent confrontation against China’s geopolitical expansion into the South Asian subcontinent, Indian Ocean and South Pacific islands.A clash between China and the US in Latin America and Africa also seems unavoidable.2 Mark Landler and Edward Wong,“Bolton Outlines a Strategy for Africa That’s Really About Countering China,”New York Times, December 13, 2018, accessed March 15,2019,https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/13/us/politics/john-bolton-africachina.html; Steve Holland and Lesley Wroughton,“U.S. to counter China, Russia influence in Africa—Bolton,”December 13,2018,Reuters,accessed March 15,2019,https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKBN1OC1Y3-OZATP;Benjamin Creutzfeldt,“China Is Investing in Latin America,and the US Is Jealous,”November 1,2018,The Hill,accessed March 15,2019,https://thehill.com/opinion/international/414158-china-is-investing-in-latin-america-and-the-us-is-jealous.
An ideological offensive was apparent, as well, especially in the demonization of the socialism of former Soviet Union, particular ploy for the US to win the Cold War. The Obama and Trump administrations’support of the Portman-Murphy Counter-Propaganda Bill steps up criticism of China. China has also been criticized by US commentators for“stagnated reform,”“political retrogression”and“authoritarian rules.”The mounting attacks on socialism in the US remind older Americans of the“Red Scare”fear of communism.1 “The Opportunity Costs of Socialism,”Council of Economic Advisers,October 2018,accessed March 15,2019,https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/The-Opportunity-Costs-of-Socialism.pdf. What ought to be routine military cooperation with China’s neighboring countries has been maligned as damaging to regional peace and collaboration.Remarks about China taking a“tribute nation”approach and“turning the South China Sea into a‘Chinese lake’”2 “Mattis: China Taking‘Tribute Nation’Approach to Other Countries,”March 23, 2017, https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20170323000600315; Jeremy Bender,“Beijing Could Turn the South China Sea into a‘Chinese Lake’by 2030,”January 21, 2016,Business Insider,accessed March 15,2019,https://www.businessinsider.com/south-china-sea-will-be-chinese-lake-by-2030-2016-1; Jennifer Lind,“South China Sea as a Chinese Lake,”New York Times,August 23,2016,accessed March 15,2019,https://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2016/08/23/is-playing-tough-in-chinas-interest/south-china-sea-as-a-chinese-lake. are irresponsible. The US warns about China’s“debttrap diplomacy”and“digital authoritarianism”in the Belt and Road Initiative,1 Nyshka Chandran,“Fears of Excessive Debt Drive More Countries to Cut Down Their Belt and Road Investments,”CNBC,January 18,2019,accessed March 15,2019,https://www.cnbc.com/2019/01/18/countries-are-reducing-belt-and-road-investments-over-financing-fears.html;Adrian Shahbaz,“Freedom on the Net 2018—The Rise of Digital Authoritarianism,”October 2018,accessed March 15,2019,https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FOTN_2018_Final%20Booklet_11_1_2018.pdf;Michael Abramowitz and Michael Chertoff,“The Global Threat of China’s Digital Authoritarianism,”Washington Post,November 1,2018,accessed March 15,2019,https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/the-global-threat-of-chinas-digital-authoritarianism/2018/11/01/46d6d99c-dd40-11e8-b3f0-62607289efee_story.html?noredirect=on&utm_term=.a91ab8b021e3. brands China a revisionist power,and accuses China of having a secret strategy to replace the US as the global superpower.2 Michael Pillsbury, The Hundred-Year Marathon: China’s Secret Strategy to Replace America as the Global Superpower(Henry Holt and Co.,2015). New initiatives have been planned to humiliate Chinese“cyber theft.”
In the near future, both countries are likely to be even less tolerant of each other and more restrictive of each other’s activities.
Advantages and Disadvantages
Third party policies and practices also result in subtle changes in international strategic balance and geopolitical structure. The third party plays a complex, diversified role in Sino-US relations, sometimes provoking global disputes about interests.In the past century,Japan,Russia and a few other countries have been third parties, but now almost every country is involved in some form of globalized China-US ties. The US’global power and China’s rise,along with the interests of China’s northern neighbor Russia, are central to the future development of Sino-US relations. How traditional US allies react will be important indicators for visualizing future movement in Sino-US relations. The cooperation among BRICS countries Brazil, Russia, India, South Africa and China has also snagged US attention. China and the US have been dragged into DPRK,Iran and Afghanistan issues, as well. The domestic politics and foreign policy of countries in Africa, Latin America, the South Pacific, and southeast Europe also will impact China and the United States. In the transition, almost all of the third party countries are confronted with challenges although they may significantly differ in their national interests.Third parties openly acknowledge that Sino-US relations are crucial for world peace and stability.Although a number of countries anticipate there will be a need for sound China-US ties for the sake of international peace,a closer relationship with either China or the US may give a third party specific benefits and protection. Some countries remain close to one country to overcome anxiety about the other country, and some third-party countries, having a strategic purpose, stimulate China and the US into certain actions. Because China and the US have had good collaboration with each other in economy, security, cyberspace, and outer space in the past four decades, they do have a symbiotic relationship. In practice, a full decoupling is difficult. The interaction will develop during the process of international system modernization.
A monopoly on the international financial system, political dominance,advanced technology, global partnerships and experience in the international struggle are attributes that work to the advantage of the United States. The US financial system provides a strong framework for global financial flow.Fighting against money laundering and terrorist financing facilitates the US’better control of global financial organizations. The US dollar’s hegemony leads to cost-sharing,passes on the crisis to other countries and,by means of financial sanctions, coerces the policies of some countries. The dominance held by many international organizations contributes to US national interests.The US,world leader in high technology manufacturing,has a grip on global trends through equipment export and overseas strategic layout.Washington has strengthened its Western allies in terms of equipment package, military training and exercises, intelligence cooperation and even in fabrication of contradictions. The Five Eyes, which brings the UK, US,Canada, Australia and New Zealand into the world’s most comprehensive intelligence alliance, has become a promising tool for US strategic competition. The accumulation of experience from World War II, the Cold War,wars in the Middle East,and conflicts in South Asia help the US persist in the struggle for international power.
Both sides could collaborate in bilateral trade and investment, work together on regional issues and national governance, and expand high-level cooperation on major global issues, that are difficult for other countries to solve.
China is at a disadvantage in the strategic gamble,by contrast.China’s dependence on US financial public goods is difficult to clear away, with a long way to go before the Renminbi can be internationalized. China’s domestic financial risks and inexperienced financial operation are easy targets of a vicious external attack.The country’s low-cost manufacturing,less advanced technology and unprotected resources data put China at risk of losing its global competitiveness. China has built a network of partnerships while abiding by the principle of non-alignment. Most collaboration is about economy, and only a few countries such as Pakistan and Russia could offer comprehensive support for China. China has placed emphasis on its weakness, with less weight given to a rapid rise’s impact on other countries. More thinking about cooperation and less about competition with other countries prevails in China. Knowledge services,material assurance, and protection of overseas interests are shortcomings that plague China, and its five priorities are being effected through supplyside structural reform—cutting excess capacity, destocking, deleveraging,lowering corporate costs and improving weak links. The difficulty of industrial upgrade would, to some extent, impede China’s plans for economic transformation and growth.
What is alarming for the US are the abuse of financial sanctions,uncertainty of technological conflict, divided alliances, diminished credibility and political infighting. Were a monopoly of the international financial system to take hold coupled with the abuse of financial instruments, an established financial system that excluded the US would destroy a vital pillar of US hegemony. Despite the difficulty of building another system, Russia and European countries are keen to engage with other countries in a discussion of creating such a new one. Second, if Washington insists on waging a tech cold war with Beijing, there are two possible negative impacts: It becomes difficult to share the technology innovation in China and it is easy to lose the world’s most important consumer market. Additionally, US’alliances have a differentiated approach on China policy. Central and eastern Europe, southern Europe,Japan, and the Five Eyes alliance recognize that economic prosperity and national security depend on a good relationship with China to some extent.By contrast,a policy of“America First,”US withdrawal from international organizations, and the escalating trade battle undermine global respect for the US as a world leader. Internal strife among US officials consumes political energy at home. It is obvious when US officials differ in their approach to development.
China,despite its short-term passivity,has favorable odds to realize its potential. With decades of reform and opening up, socialism with Chinese characteristics has crossed the threshold into a new era. Exercising full,rigorous governance over the Party, China has the courage to be strict.Economic, military, and governmental reform better facilitates national governance. In following the dream of the Chinese people, the whole nation is striving for better quality, and more efficient, fair, sustainable development. China has begun amending the National Security Law,established the Central National Security Commission and outlined national security strategy in pursuing a holistic approach to national security.Beijing’s major country diplomacy with Chinese characteristics is advancing healthy relationships with other major powers. The Belt and Road Initiative is connecting with the growth in participating countries,and sound Sino-Russian,Sino-Indian and Sino-Japanese ties have created a favorable geopolitical environment for China.
Long term, worldwide trends have an unfavorable context for the United States. According to forecasts from different international organizations, rising economies will expand while Western developed countries will witness an economic downturn and the political landscape will change profoundly as the US encounters the rise of emerging counties,many of them sharing no interests with the United States. The financialization of the US economy has accelerated the hidden imbalance but severe exploitation of labor exists in the world economy.To maintain a system beneficial to the US, the country will pressure and interfere with others, and the disconnect in interests will cause dissatisfaction and blowbacks. The US’structurally deficient tripartite division of powers,into legislative, executive and judicial branches, facilitated fast capitalism and contributed to US hegemony, but it cannot be sustained in an environment of free competition. Interests groups and certain parties focus all effort on their own interests rather than sustainable development.Facing a complex and diversified society, a formidable market and a weak government, collaborative national governance is needed. In the foreseeable future, the US will have fewer allies but China will have more partners. If the US continues to fix attention on Chinese challenges, this would be a mistake. The Soviet Union’s collapse is a major grievance Russia has with the United States. The US intervention engendered hatred in the Middle East due to Arab-Israeli issues, terrorism and democratization. Another headache is how best to care for the ageing population in the Western countries and deal with rapid population growth in the Islamic world.
学校改变了传统的单一德育说教模式，实行德育活动载体艺术化，学校的各类教育活动无不渗入了艺术元素，以艺术特有的感染力强化德育效果，让学生在活动中学习，在活动中体验，在活动中提升。
Long-term, China has the edge in several regards. China has since 2012 been implementing comprehensive structural reform. External pressure is an opportunity for potential growth, the outside stimulation viewed as a contributor to China’s awareness about risk-taking. Seeking opportunity during crisis is an essence of Chinese culture. China must step out of its comfort zone, identify its weaknesses, and reinforce capacity against the backdrop of strategic gambling. As China gains international credibility, prejudice against China will lessen when other countries recognize that China is opening up for win-win cooperation and for providing more public goods.Reputation is a precious treasure for China’s foreign strategy.
China’s Strategic Choice
In modernizing, China underwent tremendous changes and faced a strategic option every three or four decades. Nowadays, the conundrum that presents itself to China is how to deal with China-US strategic gambling. It appears that the transition of the Sino-US relationship has been led by the Trump administration and by anti-Chinese forces in the United States. But the profound reason is international transformation and strategic repositioning in both countries. Bilateral ties cannot return to the past.As sole superpower, the US remains the priority for China’s foreign strategy.Their interwoven interests will significantly impact China’s future domestic and foreign policy.
China’s strategic option impacts world affairs. China’s future is inseparable with global development.As a major emerging country, China shoulders more responsibility of improving productivity, rectifying global imbalance and maintaining world peace and prosperity. More domestic growth is available for pushing forward development of human society.
Pitfalls China should avoid in the strategic gambling cluster around the inevitable impatience and blindness in face of US pressures.
Peace and development is the theme of the times,but it does not mean the world is destined to be peaceful and prosperous in coming decades.Summarizing history simply as a zero-sum game is too simplistic a perspective for China, and the discussion of the Thucydides trap overestimates the risk of war between rising power and ruling power.Tolerance for hegemony has declined; it is unacceptable to repeat the mistakes of Russia in the Cold War. Chinese cultural tradition and the international environment define a status under which China will not seek hegemony.
The strategic gamble with the US is not isolated from China’s development and foreign strategy. Positive China-US interactions serve the needs of transition in China. The core strategy is to realize the Chinese dream of national rejuvenation and promote a community with a shared future for humanity. It is important that China and the US engage in win-win cooperation without clashes and conflicts, and therefore China should follow a flexible policy in the long, complex process of Sino-US strategic competition by reshaping the relationship with the US as a more collaborative one.
Crucial for improving the situation is a stable bilateral relationship. In past decades,economic disparity and complementarities,and the difference in geopolitical focus had offered favorable conditions for stability. China received the US industrial transfer, set aside disputes, and coordinated with the US on major international affairs. The relationship gave China room to focus on its own development, but now China should make use of diversified methods, from cooperation to control, engagement and shaping,to construct more active bilateral ties.
网络课程制作是一项系统工程，它涉及众多专业、各个领域，专业性较强。继续教育学院应安排专人负责，可以通过校内、校外公开招聘的形式，甚至可以直接聘请具有丰富教育教学经验的专业教师，组建教师队伍，为网络教学资源建设提供师资保障。并且要加强课程设计与制作人员的学习与培训，为网络教学课程建设提供技术支持。
The intensity and extent of the US gamble should be controlled to achieve consensus on where is the bottom line and to ensure the track forward is constructive. Establishing the rules in nuclear, cyber, biological,outer space, deep ocean, and Arctic security is vital as is ensuring both to shoulder responsibility. Both should strengthen control and governance about third-party factors.
China should strive for more support and trust from US intellectuals and ordinary Americans who are looking forward to peaceful cooperation,and from US businessmen highly dependent on the Chinese market. To address the concern about“infiltration,”information about engagement should be made transparent. US’understanding of China’s strategic purpose requires counteracting existing biases.China should respond to the US concerning issues and should advance concrete, mutually agreeable proposals.
“五千年来不断绵延、不断展扩之历史事实，便足以证明中国文化优异之价值。”〔3〕中华优秀传统文化是中华民族复兴、中国特色社会主义发展的文化沃土，是发展当代中国马克思主义的丰厚滋养，可为治国理政提供有益启示。正如习近平总书记所言，中国优秀传统文化蕴含了丰富的哲学思想、人文精神、教化思想、道德理念等，可以为人们认识和改造世界提供有益启迪，可以为治国理政提供有益启示，也可以为道德建设提供有益启发。
A new kind of global cooperation network is a solution for the US constraint on China. Most countries are looking forward to expanding their cooperation with China and,if it could create inclusive,open,fair and winwin cooperation networks, China will gain support from the international community.
1.3.3 撰写报告 两班学生均在实验结束后撰写实验报告，对本次实验的实验目的、实验原理、实验步骤、注意事项、结果分析等进行总结，重点突出实验中遇到的问题及解决办法，讨论分析实验结果。
The unsurpassed advantages China has in international cooperation should be fully used. The root cause of current global conflicts involves imbalance between resources and development and unfairly shared growth.China should unleash its cooperative potential, offer accurate resources, and share the experience in infrastructure projects, financial platforms and institutional system.The new-type cooperation should be balanced, friendly,open and fair. To handle security risks during the gambling, China should improve its overseas interest protection and people-to-people exchange in security. The envisioned new-type of international cooperation network ensures the maximum resolution of US pressure and underlines China’s wisdom and contribution. China’s geopolitical influence is bound to be enhanced as mutual learning, understanding and integration are essential to global cooperation. The greater understanding of China will help discard geopolitical restraint and unjustifiable rules holding China back.
Domestic affairs and national governance are fundamental tasks for China. China’s 30-year concrete plan for development is the strongest response to the gambling because it prompts China to increase in strategic independence,mobilization and coordination.
在关爱员工的同时，德宏局也把承担社会责任放在首位，2016年完成了“十三五”配电网规划修编及“十三五”农村电网改造升级规划工作，获德宏州政府表扬。完成了8个35千伏及以上电网项目的前期及核准，以及38个中心村、131个易地扶贫搬迁项目、8个行政村的农网改造升级工程可研报告。高度重视扶贫工作，助力德宏州精准扶贫工作，2016年行业扶贫总投资为2.49亿元，芒市、盈江供电局负责的82户304名贫困人口按计划顺利实现脱贫摘帽。
血管腔内修复术治疗Standford B型主动脉夹层临床疗效 …………………… 陈 豪，等(9):1079
China’s government and business community should work together to improve technology independence and global promotion, protect cyber security and guard against external interference. The people’s sincere support powers sustainable development and national rejuvenation. To enhance welfare services and public morality, careful consideration of political, economic, military and cultural security issues is called for, in a holistic way.
China-US gambling will defines international political development in the first half of the 21st century. It is an important part of world modernization. China shoulders the historic responsibility of pushing forward the global productivity reform and common development.If China could keep the strategic gamble, third party factor and international order transformation on the constructive track, China, the US and other countries will enjoy common growth and prosperity toward a community with a shared future for mankind.
超临界CO2络合萃取法灵敏度和准确性高、选择性好、无溶剂二次污染，重复性好，有效成分损失少，但其不易选出合适的配合剂，仪器设备价格较高。
* Wang Honggang is director of the Institute of American Studies, CICIR. His research focuses on international strategy, Sino-US relations, and the holistic view of national security.
(edited by Zhang Yimeng)
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