基于体裁教学法的高中英语“同题异体”写作教学模式的研究,本文主要内容关键词为:教学法论文,体裁论文,教学模式论文,高中英语论文,题异体论文,此文献不代表本站观点,内容供学术参考,文章仅供参考阅读下载。
一、引言
写作是英语的四项基本语言技能之一,它能比较客观地反映学生的语言应用能力。然而,写作也是最难提高的语言技能,虽然教师和学生都已经投入了大量的时间和精力,但效果总是不尽如人意。在教学中我们发现,学生掌握了大量词汇后,表达能力却没有相应的提高,即学生的接受能力(receptive skill)普遍高于产出能力(productive skill)(陈伟平,2008)。针对上述问题,笔者在学习和借鉴体裁写作法的基础上,结合高中英语写作实际,提出“同题异体”写作教学模式,以帮助学生提高写作能力,真正实现英语写作的“举一反三”。
二、英语体裁教学法的含义及其运用
1.英语体裁教学法的含义
“体裁教学法”(the Genre-based Teaching Approaches)建立在语篇的体裁分析基础上,要求教师把体裁和体裁分析理论自觉地运用到课堂教学中,围绕语篇的图式结构开展教学活动(秦秀白、韩金龙,2000)。体裁教学法所力求达到的目的是:(1)学生需要熟悉不同体裁的语篇所具有的不同交际目的和篇章结构特点;(2)引导学生既掌握语篇的图式结构,又了解语篇的建构过程,从而帮助其理解和撰写属于某一体裁的语篇(Kay et al.,1998)。
2.基于体裁教学法的“同题异体”写作教学模式
“同题异体”写作模式是指利用同一题材话题,编写不同体裁作文训练材料来对学生进行系统的作文训练。教师在写作教学中,通过介绍不同体裁文章的语篇图式、小组讨论话题词汇、模仿写作、展示教师下水作文等搭建写作支架,来提高学生的英语写作水平,从而实现学生独立写作。
三、“同题异体”写作教学模式在高中英语写作教学中的应用及教学实践
下面,笔者结合环保题材——译林版牛津高中英语教材(Advance with English)第五模块第二单元“The environment”,谈谈如何开展“同题异体”写作训练。
1.体裁训练一:应用文(书信类)
笔者利用教材中“Reading:The economy or the environment—must we choose?”和“Project:Protecting the Yangtze River”及中国日报网站搜索“The environment”所得材料为语料库,使用Wordsmith软件,提取话题词汇,编写以下作文(体裁为书信)。
假如你叫李华,是一名高中学生。你的英国朋友David来信询问中国一次性筷子生产和使用情况。请你根据以下要点,写一封回信。字数:150左右。
①根据最近的统计数据,中国每年生产450亿双一次性筷子,2亿5千万棵树因此被砍掉。一次性筷子消耗了大量宝贵的自然资源,对环境造成很大破坏。
②环保主义者警告,如果我们以目前的速度继续生产一次性筷子,不久的将来所有的森林将被毁掉。
③正如我们所知,我国的森林覆盖率仅为13%。因为森林的砍伐,每年很多土地正在变为沙漠。
④如果我们继续这样做下去,我们的环境将进一步恶化。我们要保持经济和环境的平衡,实现人和自然的和谐相处。
所以,现在是我们放弃使用一次性筷子的时候了。
(1)体裁分析
结合写作材料,帮助学生分析书信类体裁的“图式结构”。
Dear…(收信人)
I'm glad to receive your letter asking for ______.(导入话题)Here is something about it.
Yours sincerely
…(写信人)
(2)小组讨论
将学生分成若干小组,讨论这篇作文中可能要使用到的相关词汇、句型(见表1)。
(3)学生写作
学生根据教师分析的写作图式,使用小组讨论的词汇、句型,自主写作。
(4)展示教师下水作文
通过分析写作图式,讨论话题词汇等活动给学生搭建写作支架,极大地降低了写作的难度,并有利于克服学生写作过程中的焦虑。但由于受母语等因素的影响,学生在写作过程中总会不自觉地犯一些错误。教师利用教材中的素材编写“下水作文”,可以帮助学生将所学的知识应用到写作中去,调动学生写作的积极性,并能对学生写作过程中所犯的错误起到很好的反拨作用(夏春来,2011)。以下为笔者所写的下水作文:
Dear David,
I'm glad to receive your letter asking for the use of disposable chopsticks in China.Here is something about it.
According to the recent statistics,forty-five billion pairs of disposable chopsticks are produced in China,so twenty-five million trees have to be cut down every year.The disposable chopsticks have consumed so many valuable natural resources that they do great damage to the environment.
Environmentalists have warned that all the forests will be destroyed if we keep on making throwaway chopsticks at present speed.
As is known to us all,only 13% of the land in our country is covered with forests.And a lot of land is becoming sands each year because of the decrease of forests.If we keep on doing this,our environment will become from bad to worse.We should keep the balance between economy and environment.If so,we will live in harmony with nature.It is time that we should give up disposable chopsticks.
Yours sincerely
Li Hua
2.体裁训练二:描写文(图表类)
在第一次写作过程中,写作图式和话题词汇搭建起的写作支架,降低了写作任务难度,使得学生写作输出变得顺畅。但由于学生自身英语水平的差异,写作过程中依然出现词块使用不准确、受母语负迁移影响造成的汉语式表达等情况。为促使学生及时将语言输入材料吸收、内化和重构,作者编写以下图表作文。
请仔细观察下面的漫画,结合图表所反映的信息,用英语写一篇短文。
注意:①揭示漫画所反映的主题,并谈谈自己的看法。
②字数:150左右。
③短文中不得提及考生所在学校和本人姓名。
(1)体裁分析
帮助学生分析,此类图表类作文的常用图式结构为:
The picture is talking about/shows…/As is vividly shown in the picture…(导入话题)
The picture shows/indicates/implies/describes that….(解释图表)Its consequences can be so great that…There may be several possible reasons responsible for/contributing to it.In the first place/To begin with…Next/Also…Then/In addition…(分析原因)
As far as I'm concerned,some effective measures should be taken.(你的观点)On the one hand…On the other hand…Only in this way can…
(2)小组讨论
小组讨论写作过程中有可能用到的词汇、句型(见表2)。
(3)学生写作
(4)展示教师下水作文
As is vividly shown in the left cartoon,in the past disposable chopsticks made of wood were often used in our daily life,which is a waste of wood.The picture indicates that due to the abuse of disposable chopsticks,many trees were cut down.Its consequences can be so great that it has resulted in the decrease of the forest.
However,since 2003,there has been a sharp reduction in the use of disposable chopsticks.There may be several possible reasons contributing to it.To begin with,the use of disposable chopsticks has been banned by our government.In addition,we raise citizens' awareness of environmental conservation.Now disposable chopsticks are out of sight and more trees appear.
As far as I'm concerned.some effective measures should be taken.On the one hand,in our daily life we should be encouraged to use less wood and plant more trees.On the other hand,our government has the responsibility to supervise the illegal production of disposable chopsticks.Only in this way can we live in harmony with nature.
3.体裁训练三:议论文
最近,新浪微博就是否应该使用一次性筷子在网民中展开讨论。讨论结果如下,请你根据讨论结果写一篇文章,并给出自己的看法(不少于两点)。字数:150词左右
(1)体裁分析
帮助学生分析议论文类作文的写作图式为:
第1段:Recently we've had a discussion about whether we should…(导入话题)Our opinions are divided on this topic.(观点有分歧)
正文:
第2段:Most of the students are in favour of it.(正方观点)Here are the reasons.First…Second…Finally…(列出2~3个赞成的理由)
第3段:However,the others are strongly against it.(反方观点)Their reasons are as follows.In the first place…What's more…In addition…(列出2~3个反对的理由)
结论:
第4段:As a famous saying goes,every coin has two sides.In my opinion,I ______it.(你的观点)On the one hand,______.On the other hand,______.Only in this way,can we______
(2)小组讨论
小组讨论写作过程中有可能用到的词汇句型(见表3)。
(3)学生写作
(4)展示教师下水作文
Recently,a survey on whether we should use disposable chopsticks has been held on the microblog of Sina.The opinions are divided into two parts.
15% of the citizens support it.Obviously,disposable chopsticks are clean and convenient,which helps to prevent infections from spreading and ensure personal hygiene.Besides,chopsticks made of wood or bamboos belong to renewable resources.
However,the others don't think so.Firstly,so much wood is consumed that forest area has been decreasing sharply.Secondly,disposable chopsticks litter everywhere,which may pollute the environment in the long term.Finally,the excessive use of them will have a negative impact on the teenagers' growth.With time going on,they are likely to fall into the habit of waste.
As a famous saying goes,each coin has two sides.In my opinion,I am definitely against it.On the one hand,our government is supposed to pass a law to ban the use of disposable chopsticks.On the other hand,all citizens should raise the awareness of environmental protection.
四、结束语
1.运用“体裁教学法”开展写作教学,能使学生认识到写作是一种有规律可循的社会交往活动,是理解客观世界并参与社会活动的一种手段,这可以在一定程度上减轻学生对写作的畏难情绪(秦秀白,2000)。
2.针对同一题材,利用不同体裁,强化输入同一话题语料,不仅极大提高了写作效率,实现作文写作的“举一反三”,而且有利于激活学生的心理词库,实现写作产出的“词汇通达”(access)。