Objectives:
To evaluate the clinical effectiveness of Bunnell suture technique for acute Achilles tendon rupture.
Methods:
36 patients with acute Achilles tendon rupture were treated with Bunnell suture technique from Jan 2015 to Dec 2016. Among the patients, 23 were male and 13 were female. And 12 were left side, 24 were right side. The mean age was 32 years old (range, 20-45 years old). The mean time between injury and surgery was 2.5 days (range, 1-6 days). 35 patients had their rupture site 4.5-6.3cm proximal to the attachment, and 1 patient had the rupture site 1.2cm. With the patient in plantar flexion, make an incision 1-2cm long medial to the tendon defect. Use a hemostat to free the tendon sheath from the subcutaneous tissue. Ultrasound or MRI was use for avoiding injury to the sural nerve. Use a straight needle to pass the Ethicon MB66 nonabsorbable suture. Tie the suture at the incision site so that the rupture was covered intactly.
Results:
36 patients were all followed up. The mean period was 13.6 months (range, 12-16 months). All the incisions were phase I repair, no infections or sural nerve injuries were found. And 2 patients had re-rupture after surgery. The mean AOFAS ankle-hindfoot scale was 99.6, the good-excellent rate was 100%. According to the Arner-Lindholm scale, the good-excellent rate was 97.2%. ?
Conclusions:
The minimal invasive Bunnell suture technique have shown functional results comparable to those obtained with open repair, with fewer complications, no apparent increased risk of rerupture, and shorter operation time.
跟腱断裂是临床常见的运动损伤,在人体肌腱断裂部位的发生率中居第3位[1],随着社会的进步,竞技体育运动和大众健身项目的普遍普及,发生率呈逐年增多的趋势[2]。急性闭合性跟腱断裂的高发人群为有运动经历的体育爱好者及一些职业运动员当中,并且以球类运动时损伤为主。年龄多为30-45岁。 关于跟腱的治疗,文献传统手术可降低跟腱再断裂率,但增加了切口并发症发生率[3]。而经皮闭合缝合未增加再断裂率,却能降低切口并发症发生率[4]。目前临床微创修复跟腱的方法介绍较多,结合本院特点,笔者对本院2015年1月一2016年12月36例急性闭合性跟腱断裂患者采用经皮微创Bunnell缝合法修复,获得较好疗效做一报道。
一、资料与方法
1.1一般资料
本组男23例,女13例;年龄20—45岁,平均32岁。致伤原因:运动损伤27例,摔伤8例,重物击伤1例。受伤至手术时间l一6 d,平均3 d。患者主要临床症状为跟腱部肿胀、疼痛、不能跖屈或跖屈力量减弱,可触及跟腱连续性中断及凹陷,提踵试验及Thopmson征均呈阳性。患者经X线片检查,均排除跟骨撕脱骨折;并行彩色超声多普勒或MRI确诊。MRI示闭合跟腱断裂者断端位于跟腱中段,断端距离跟骨结节止点4—7 cm,平均4.4 cm;跟腱两断端分离2—4 cm,平均2.6 cm。
1.2手术方法
36例患者采用蛛网膜下腔阻滞麻醉,3例患者选择全身麻醉,患者取上侧下俯卧位,上气囊止血带。于患足凹陷中点跟腱内侧处做1.0~2.0cm的纵行切口(图1),纵行切开腱周膜,术中见跟腱均为完全性断裂,部分可见连续性完整的跖肌腱,止血钳牵出近断端并用无创线持续牵拉近端马尾状断端并维持张力拉紧(图2),根据术前彩超或MRI间接标定的腓肠神经走行位置确定安全穿刺点,在标准硬膜外穿刺针引导下应用Bunuell缝合法从近端经皮穿人Ethicon MB66不可吸收缝线(图3),最后缝线两端从切口处穿出,每穿刺一针需将缝线拉紧并且松解皮下组织,持续牵拉可见近端腱腹向远端滑动并呈张力性隆起(图4),用另一根线同法处理远端肌腱,切口处拉紧远近端缝线两侧同时打结,使断端间隙看到紧密接触(图5)。用1—0无创线缝合腱周膜,3-0可吸收线缝合皮内及皮肤(图6),松止血带5min后包扎。跖屈位前后脱短腿石膏固定。松止血5min后包扎。跖屈位前后脱石膏固定。
1.3术后处理
术后无需换药及拆线,无需应用抗生素治疗,应用低分子肝素钠皮下注射预防下肢深静脉血栓形成。免负重2-3周,3周后部分负重,术后6周拆除石膏,逐步开始踝关节屈伸锻炼及小腿肌力练习,并在支具保护下部分负重行走。术后10周穿平跟鞋行走,并逐渐开始行双足提踵练习,以促进跟腱的修复,减少并发症的发生。但由于多数患者是在院外进行康复锻炼,应该根据患者情况制定个性化比较合理、规范、详尽的康复程序及门诊随访计划,本组患者均严格遵守康复程序,临床疗效满意(图7-10)。
二、评定标准
疗效评定分别采用美国足踝外科协会(American Orthopaedic Foot&Ankle Society,AOFAS)的踝-后足评分和Amer-Lindholm评定法:优:自觉无不适,行走正常,提踵有力,肌力无明硅异常,小腿围度减小<lcm,背伸或跖屈角度减小≤50;良:行走时稍感不适,提踵稍无力,肌力较健侧减弱,小腿围度减小<3 cm,背伸角度减小在50~1000之间,跖屈角度减少在50一150之间;差:有明显不适,跛行,不能提踵,肌力明硅减弱,小腿围度减小>3 cm,背伸角度减小>100,跖屈角度减少>1500 [5]
三、结果:本组患者手术时问为32—56 min,平均44min。出血量均少于15 mL。随访时间为12~16个月,平均13.6个月。所有患者切口均获I期愈合,无切口相关并发症发生;无腓肠神经损伤,跟腱再断裂2例,分别发生在术后8及术后16周院外常规康复的患者,1例接受再手术,1例选择石膏保守治疗。AOFAS踝.后足评分平均为99.6分,其中优(90—100分)34例,良(75~89分)2例,优良率为100%。根据Amer—Lindholm评定标准:优28例,良7例,差1例,优良率为97.2%(35/36)。
四、讨 论
1.新型微创缝合技术的优势
跟腱断裂的治疗目的是恢复跟腱的长度及张力,而获得理想的功能、恢复伤前运动水平[2]。目前治疗上争议的热点主要包括是否手术、手术方法及是否早期康复训练,而手术方法包括开放缝合、小切口微创缝合及经皮闭合缝合。传统开放手术存在伤口感染和皮肤坏死率高的弊端,但其能够完整评估跟腱损伤情况且缝合确切。同时因腓肠神经与跟腱的关系密切,故经皮缝合跟腱时可能损伤位于跟腱外侧的腓肠神经。Ma 和 Griffith [5]报道的病例无腓肠神经损伤,但后来学者却证实了经皮缝合有较高的腓肠神经损伤风险。Sutherland和Maffulli[6]报告的经皮缝合治疗的31例患者中有5例(16%)出现腓肠神经损伤症状。本组患者同所有微创手术一样,可将感染风险控制到最低甚至为零[7],我们尝试解决腓肠神经损伤的问题。腓肠神经在小腿下1/3走行变异率极高,本组患者术前彩超或MRI可以标记腓肠神经,所以我们这组病例均未发生腓肠神经损伤。
2.治疗体会
对于闭合性跟腱断裂,多数断端为马尾状,开放吻合需暴露更多的正常部分跟腱,切口会很长,对跟腱及腱周组织的血运破坏严重,并发症增高[8]。Jones [7] 2012 的Meta 分析显示手术可以明显降低再断裂率,但切口并发症发生率高于保守治疗。为了改善开放手术对跟腱血运的影像,以及减少并发症,经皮手术及微创技术的应用越来越广[9]。各种经皮微创技术治疗跟腱断裂,首先报道是Ma 和Griffith[10],并且报道了跟腱延长和修补[10-15]。笔者通过文献并总结经验将经皮闭合Bunnell缝合的术中及术后处理体会总结如下: (1) 经皮缝合时,一定要熟悉腓肠神经解剖,皮肤穿刺时应刺穿深筋膜,确保缝线在腱周膜内穿行,以降低损伤风险; (2) 增加远近端穿刺次数,增强抗拉力强度,缝合远近端后牵拉缝线确认其穿过腱性组织,穿刺间距1-2cm之间; (3) 术中利用牵拉线向相反方向牵连跟腱断端及跖屈踝关节有利于跟腱断端接触; (4) 术后应行Thompson 试验及彩超检查跟腱连续性是否恢复;(5) 选用Ethicon MB66不可吸收缝线缝合,组织反应轻,可续性给予跟腱张力,为跟腱愈合提供了良好的张力基础,有利于新生胶原纤维按照应力方向排列; (6) 膝下前后托固定踝关节于最大跖屈位,即能使跟腱断端可靠接触。
3.结论:
应用经皮Bunnell微创缝合技术治疗急性闭合性跟腱断裂简便实用、组织损伤轻、疗效肯定。结合围手术期精确的术前计划和精密操作技术,可以完全避免腓肠神经损伤及跟腱切口并发症的发生,在临床实用性和可操作性极高。
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论文作者:王立超[1]、李长飞[2]、刘新民[3]、朱治国[4]、丛云
论文发表刊物:《医师在线》2019年第19期
论文发表时间:2019/12/4
标签:跟腱论文; 切口论文; 损伤论文; 患者论文; 手术论文; 并发症论文; 神经论文; 《医师在线》2019年第19期论文;