(滨州医学院烟台附属医院泌尿外科 山东 烟台 264100)
【摘要】 目的:探讨经皮肾镜联合输尿管软镜治疗孤立肾肾结石的安全性及有效性。方法:回顾性分析2013年1月~2015年12月采用经皮肾镜联合输尿管软镜治疗的26例孤立肾肾结石患者资料。男18例,女8例。年龄35~72岁,平均46岁。左侧孤立肾17例,右侧孤立肾9例,其中对侧肾萎缩无功能15例(肾小球滤过率<10 ml/min) 、对侧肾切除11例。患者均经超声、KUB、CT扫描加三维重建检查确诊,并明确结石的大小及位置。结石最大径(2.4±1.5)cm,其中鹿角形结石10例,肾多发结石7例,肾单发结石9例,合并输尿管上段结石6例。结石CT值(845.7±345.2)HU。肾积水17例,集合系统分离1.8~4.2cm,平均2.9cm。结果:26例患者均一期成功取石。手术时间(98±26)min,住院时间(7.5±2.5)d。术中出血量约30~100ml,平均52ml。1例术后有明显出血,出血量约450ml,给予夹闭肾造瘘管,对症治疗后出血自行停止,无输血病例。术后当日发热3例,最高体温38.7℃,无寒战,经积极抗感染治疗2~4d后痊愈。其余患者无肾绞痛、肾穿孔、输尿管穿孔、液气胸及周围脏器组织损伤。术后3个月复查,18例术前肾功能正常患者术后肾功能无明显变化,8例术前肾功能不全患者都有不同程度恢复,其中5例恢复正常,3例肾功能较术前好转。一期结石清除率84.6%(22/26)。4例结石残留,其中2例二期手术取净结石,二期结石清除率92.3%(24/26);2例行ESWL后排出。结论:经皮肾镜联合输尿管软镜治疗孤立肾肾结石具有出血少,创伤小,并发症少、术后恢复快,安全有效,值得临床推广。
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【关键词】 经皮肾镜;软性输尿管镜;孤立肾;肾结石
【中图分类号】R692 【文献标识码】A 【文章编号】2095-1752(2016)26-0135-02
Clinical analysis of percutaneous nephrolithotomy combined with flexible ureteroscope treatment of solitary kidney stones
Li aiqun, Che jizhong ,Zhang yongfu.Department of Urology,Yantai Hospital Affiliated to Binzhou Medical University,Yantai 264100,China
【Abstract】0bjective To investigate the safety and efficacy of percutaneous nephrolithotomy combined with flexible ureteroscopy in treatment of calculi of solitary kidney.Methods A retrospective analysis was carried out on the clinical data of 26 patients with calculi of solitary kidney,who underwent percutaneous nephrolithotomy combined with flexible ureteroscopy from January 2013 to December 2015,Among them,18 cases were male,8 cases were female,with average age of 46 years(range,5-72),Left solitary kidney in 17 cases, right side solitary kidney in 9 cases, of which there was no function of side renal atrophy in 15 cases (glomerular filtration rate <10 ml / min), 11 cases of contralateral renal resection. All patients were diagnosed by ultrasound, KUB, CT scan and three dimensional reconstruction, and the size and location of the stones were confirmed. The largest stone diameter (2.4 ± 1.5) cm, including 10 cases of staghorn calculi, multiple renal calculi in 7 cases, solitary kidney calculi in 9 cases, 6 cases combined with ureter calculi. Calculus CT value (845.7 ±345.2) HU. In 17 cases, the collection system was separated from 1.8 to 4.2cm, with an average of 2.9cm.Results All the 26 patients were successfully removed in one stage. Operation time (98±26) min, length of hospital stay (7.5 ±2.5) d. The amount of bleeding during operation was about 30~100ml, the average 52ml. 1 case of significant postoperative bleeding, bleeding volume of about 450 ml, giving clamping renal fistula and symptomatic treatment after bleeding stop on their own, no blood transfusion cases. 3 cases of postoperative fever on the same day, the highest temperature of 38.7 DEG C, no chills, the active anti infection treatment of 2 ~ 4 d after recovery. Other patients had no renal colic, renal perforation, ureteral perforation, fluid pneumothorax and tissue injury of the surrounding organs. Postoperative 3 months review, 18 cases of postoperative patients with preoperative renal function normal renal function has no obvious change, 8 cases of preoperative renal insufficiency patients have different degree of recovery, including 5 cases returned to normal, 3 cases with preoperative renal function better. One stage stone clearance rate was 84.6% (22 / 26). 4 cases of residual calculi, including 2 cases of phase ii take net calculi surgery, phase 2 stone clearance rate 92.3% (24/26); The back 2 underwent ESWL after discharge. Conclusion Percutaneous nephrolithotomy combined with flexible ureteroscope in the treatment of solitary kidney calculi with less bleeding, less trauma, fewer complications, postoperative recovery fast, safe and effective, worthy of clinical promotion.
【Key words】Percutaneous nephrolithotomy; Flexible ureteroscopy; Solitary kidney; Kidney calculi
经皮肾镜取石术(percutaneous nephrolithotomy,PCNL)是治疗复杂性上尿路结石的首选方法[1]。孤立肾肾结石由于缺乏对侧肾脏代偿,且常合并不同程度的肾功能不全,手术风险较大,成为困扰泌尿外科医师的棘手问题。经皮肾镜取石术虽然能一次性取出大部分结石,但结石残留率较高,且常需要多通道治疗,加重对肾脏的损伤。如何最大程度降低残石率,减少并发症及肾脏损害是手术的关键。随着输尿管软镜引用及改进,临床目前多采用经皮肾镜碎石术联合输尿管软镜(flexible ureteroscope,Fu)处理,减少手术并发症,降低肾功能损害[2]。我们回顾性分析2013年1月~2015年12月采用经皮肾镜联合输尿管软镜治疗孤立肾肾结石26例,效果满意,报告如下。
1.对象与方法
1.1 临床资料
本组26例。男18例,女8例。 年龄35~72岁,平均46岁。左侧孤立肾17例,右侧孤立肾9例,其中对侧肾萎缩无功能15例(肾小球滤过率<10ml/min)、对侧肾切除11例。患者均经超声、KUB、CT扫描加三维重建检查确诊,并明确结石的大小及位置。结石最大径(2.4±1.5)cm,其中鹿角形结石10例,肾多发结石7例,肾单发结石9例,合并输尿管上段结石6例。结石CT值(845.7 ±345.2)HU。肾积水17例,集合系统分离1.8~4.2cm,平均2.9cm。术前行肝肾功、血液分析、心电图、胸片、尿沉渣、凝血分析及中段尿细菌培养等检查,其中尿培养阳性8 例(30.8%),尿常规白细胞阳性9例(34.6%)。尿培养阳性者按药敏试验结果使用敏感抗生素治疗3~5d,尿培养阴性患者术前30min静脉应用抗生素预防感染。合并高血压病5例,糖尿病7例,冠心病3例。结石清除率根据术后3个月的KUB评估,阴性结石采用CT平扫评估,结石清除定义为无残留结石或残留结石直径≤2mm且无临床症状[3]。
1.2 手术方法
全身麻醉。患者先取膀胱截石位,在输尿管硬镜下沿患侧在斑马导丝引导下置入6F输尿管导管至肾盂,改俯卧位,腹部垫高。于第12肋下或者第11肋间腋后线到肩胛下线之间作为穿刺点,对于没有肾积水患者则通过输尿管导管持续滴入生理盐水建立人工肾积水。在彩色多普勒超声引导下用18 G肾穿刺针向目标肾盏穿刺,穿刺针刺入肾盂或结石所在的肾盏后,置入金属导丝,拔除穿刺针,在导丝引导下应用筋膜扩张器初步扩张穿刺通道至16F,置入标准肾镜,应用EMS第四代超气压弹道碎石清石系统或超声碎石系统清除可视范围内的结石。应用Olympus输尿管软镜,通过经皮肾通道进入硬镜无法进入的肾盏及输尿管上段。将结石套入肾盂内进行碎石或肾盏内行钬激光碎石。术中均采用彩色多普勒超声检查结石残留情况并引导输尿管软镜寻找结石。碎石后常规留置6F双J管及20F肾造瘘管。术后5~7d拔除肾造瘘管或行二期手术,术后3~4周拔除双J管。3个月后复查血肌酐及KUB或CT平扫,了解肾功能变化并评估碎石效果。
2.结果
26例患者均一期成功取石。手术时间(98±26)min,住院时间(7.5±2.5)d。术中出血量约30~100ml,平均52ml。1例术后有明显出血,出血量约450ml,给予夹闭肾造瘘管,对症治疗后出血自行停止,无输血病例。术后当日发热3例,最高体温38.7℃,无寒战,经积极抗感染治疗2~4d后痊愈。其余患者无肾绞痛、肾穿孔、输尿管穿孔、液气胸及周围脏器组织损伤。术后3个月复查,18例术前肾功能正常患者术后肾功能无明显变化,8例术前肾功能不全患者都有不同程度恢复,其中5例恢复正常,3例肾功能较术前好转。一期结石清除率84.6%(22/26)。4例结石残留,其中2例二期手术取净结石,二期结石清除率92.3%(24/26);2例行ESWL后排出。
3.讨论
肾结石的治疗方法包括开放手术、ESWL、PCNL、腹腔镜手术和软性输尿管镜联合钬激光碎石取石术,PCNL已经成为了治疗肾结石的公认方法,基本上取代了传统的开放手术[4]。PCNL治疗肾结石具有高效性,特别是对于较大复杂性结石,一次性结石清除率较高,手术时间短,但其需经皮穿刺建立肾实质通道,创伤性较大,并且存在大出血、感染、邻近器官损伤等并发症,严重者需切肾甚至死亡[5]。目前使用的经皮肾镜均为硬镜,受到肾集合系统的独特解剖结构,加上肋骨和皮肤脂肪厚度的限制,单一经皮肾通道取净结石比较困难[6]。采用多通道取石,可加重肾脏损害,特别是孤立肾,对肾脏损害后果更严重。软性输尿管镜具有创伤小、安全和有效的特点,对于较小结石具有较好的疗效,并且镜体纤细且具有较大的弯曲角度,可以到达任何肾盏,无视野盲区,但其碎石效率低,手术时间较长。Hussain等[7]报道,软性输尿管镜下钬激光碎石术治疗直径≤20mm肾结石的单次碎石成功率达96.5%,而>20mm组单次碎石成功率仅为58.3%。对于复杂性结石,特别是多盏多发肾结石,利用PCNL和FU互补特点,二者联合可尽可能清除手术死角,以实现手术效果最优化[8]。
孤立肾合并肾结石时,由于缺乏对侧肾脏代偿作用,如果处理不当,可能出现肾功能不可逆性损害,严重者可能导致肾功能衰竭,如何安全、有效地处理孤立肾肾结石在临床工作中具有非常重要的意义。利用经皮肾镜快速处理大部分结石,减少手术时间。利用软镜观察并处理经皮肾镜无法处理的肾盏结石,并减少穿刺通道,不仅减少了对肾脏的损伤和并发症的发生率,而且碎石成功率和无石率都明显提高[9]。术前常规行清洁中段尿培养,根据药敏试验结果选用敏感药物能较好地预防术后感染等相关并发症的发生[10]。本组26例孤立肾肾结石均一期成功取石,一期结石清除率84.6%(22/26)。1例术后有明显出血,出血量约450ml,考虑为经皮肾镜致穿刺通道血管破裂出血,经给予夹闭肾造瘘管及止血等对症治疗后出血自行停止。术后最常见的并发症为发热,发生率为11.5%(3/26),与 Sabnis等[11]报道结果一致,经积极抗感染治疗2~4d后痊愈。其余患者无脓毒血症、肾绞痛、肾穿孔、输尿管穿孔、液气胸及周围脏器组织损伤等并发症。术后3个月复查,18例术前肾功能正常患者术后肾功能无明显变化,8例术前肾功能不全患者都有不同程度恢复,其中5例恢复正常,3例肾功能较术前好转。尽管经皮肾镜肾穿刺对肾脏有损害,但本研究中患者术后肾功能较术前好转,无明显恶化,可能与样本量少有关。
综上所述,经皮肾镜联合输尿管软镜治疗孤立肾肾结石,特别是结石直径大于2cm,多发肾盏结石,能够充分发挥软硬镜各自的优势,使手术出血少,创伤小,并发症少、术后恢复快,安全有效,值得临床推广。
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论文作者:李爱群(通讯作者),车吉忠,张永富
论文发表刊物:《医药前沿》2016年9月第26期
论文发表时间:2016/9/12
标签:结石论文; 输尿管论文; 肾结石论文; 术后论文; 肾功能论文; 孤立论文; 患者论文; 《医药前沿》2016年9月第26期论文;