湖南省妇幼保健院 湖南长沙 410008
摘要:目的:检测结肠癌间质差异表达蛋白质DCN,FN1,PKM2,HSP90B1的表达情况,寻找能用于结肠癌诊断的标志物。方法:①采用免疫组化的方法检测DCN,FN1,PKM2和HSP90B1这4个蛋白质在结肠癌及正常结肠黏膜组织中的表达情况;② 应用ROC曲线分析DCN,FN1,PKM2和HSP90B1单独或联合使用判别结肠癌的能力。结果:①免疫组化结果:DCN、PKM2和HSP90B1在结肠癌间质中表达下调,FN1在结肠癌间质中表达上调;②ROC曲线结果提示:DCN、FN1、PKM2和HSP90B1蛋白联合检测较单项检测敏感性升高。结论:①免疫组化结果DCN、PKM2和HSP90B1在结肠癌间质中表达下调,FN1在结肠癌间质中表达上调。② DCN、FN1和HSP90B1多指标联合检测比单指标检测提高了判别结肠癌的敏感性和特异性,为筛查结肠癌诊断的新的分子靶标提供了实验依据及新的靶标。
关键词:结肠癌;间质;ROC曲线;肿瘤标志物
Assessment of Diagnostic Value of Stromal differentially expressed proteins(DEPs)for Colorectal Neoplasm with ROC curve
Mu Yibing,Wu Yinglan,Zou Ying,Zhang Jianglin
Mu Yibing,Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital,
Department of Women Health Care,Hunan Changsha,410008;Wu Yinglan,Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital,Department of Women Health Care,Hunan Changsha,410008;Zou Ying,Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital,Department of Women Health Care,Hunan Changsha,410008;Zhang Jianglin,Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital,Department of Women Health Care,Hunan Changsha,410008
Authors Affiliation:Yibing Mu(1981.7-),female,Ph.D.,physician,Research direction:Tumor microenvironment / Professional direction:Gastroenterology(Contact:muyibing@126.com,18874290610,Hunan Province,Changsha,kaifu District,Wangluyuan Street,Xiangchun Road No.53)
Abstract:Objective:The expression of various stromal differentially expressed proteins(DCN,FN1,PKM2,HSP90B1)was detected,and look for the biomarkers which can be used for early diagnosis of colon cancer.Methods:①By reviewing the literature,select four proteins which has an important role in tumor development:DCN,FN1,PKM2 and HSP90B1.Immunohistochemical(IHC)were performed to detect the expression of DCN,FN1,PKM2 and HSP90B1;② DCN,FN1,PKM2 and HSP90B1 was evaluated for early detection of CAC by receiver operating characteristic analysis.Results:①The results of IHC showed:DCN,PKM2 and HSP90B1 was downregulated in the CAC,FN1 was upregulated in the CAC.②The results of ROC analysis showed that detection of DCN,FN1,PKM2 and HSP90B1 protein was higher than that of single detection.Conclusion:①The results of IHC showed:DCN,PKM2 and HSP90B1 was downregulated in the CAC,FN1 was upregulated in the CAC.②The combined detection of DCN,FN1 and HSP90B1 improved the sensitivity and specificity.It provide experimental basis for new molecular targets for screening colon cancer diagnosis.
Keywords:colon cancer;stromal;ROC;biomarker
结肠癌是常见的发生于结肠部位的消化道恶性肿瘤,其发病率呈上升趋势,在全球恶性肿瘤发病率中已升至第三位,其死亡率居恶性肿瘤死因的第二位[1]。
结肠癌的发生发展过程中产生了多种标志物,这些标志物有不同的敏感性和特异性,单独检测一种标志物可能会因为测定方法的灵敏度不够而出现假阴性,在诊断中具有一定的局限性,而联合检测则有可能取长补短,有助于提高检出的阳性率[2]。
本研究前期工作中采用激光捕获显微切割(LCM)技术结合iTRAQ标记定量蛋白质组的方法[2],通过Ingenuity Pathway Analysis(IPA)对差异表达蛋白质进行生物信息学分析,构建差异表达蛋白质通路网络,发现:核心蛋白聚糖(Decorin,DCN),纤维连接蛋白1(Fibronectin1,FN1),丙酮酸激酶M2(pyruvate kinase M2,PKM2)和HSP90B1(热休克蛋白90kDa,β-1)蛋白位于通路网路的核心位置,在网络中具有关键作用[3]。
本研究采用受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线对DCN,FN1,PKM2和HSP90B1检测这4个间质差异蛋白质单独或联合判别结肠癌的能力。力求为结肠癌患者的早期诊断提供客观而准确的依据。
1 材料与方法
1.1材料
23对结肠腺癌标本均为手术切除标本,所有病例术前未接受放疗和化疗,
并经病理学专家确诊。手术切除的新鲜结肠癌组织与配对结肠黏膜组织相距至少10cm。每块组织取材1.0cm×1.0cm大小。取材后,迅速将标本置于液氮速冻30min,然后超低温冰箱(-80℃)保存[4]。结肠癌组织和配对结肠黏膜组织用于免疫组化(11例男性,12例女性,患者年龄为49±8岁,临床分期按照DUKES分期:A-D期)。
1.2方法
1.2.1免疫组织化学(immunohistochemistry,IHC)染色
行8mm冰冻切片;室温放置30min,4℃丙酮固定10min;PBS洗;孵育10min,加入一抗decorin(1:300,Abcam)、fibronectin(1:100,Abcam)、PKM2(1:100,Abcam)和HSP90B1(1:200,Santa cruz),4℃孵育过夜。PBS洗,5min×3。每张切片加一滴生物素标记的二抗(试剂C),室温孵育15min。PBS洗,5min×3。每张切片加一滴链霉素抗生物素-过氧化物酶溶液(试剂D),室温孵育15min。PBS洗,5min×3。每张切片加一滴DAB溶液(新鲜配置),显微镜下观察3-10min。自来水冲洗,苏木素复染,盐酸酒精分色,自来水冲洗返蓝。梯度酒精脱水,二甲苯透明,中性树胶封片保存。
1.2.2 染色结果评分
IHC染色评分:IHC切片用双盲法进行评分。为评价DCN,FN1,PKM2和HSP90B1在CAC和NNCM组织中的表达情况,随机选取10个以上高倍镜视野(×200),至少计数1000个细胞,采用积分法计算结果。以染色强度及阳性细胞比例计分。着色强度:无色0分;浅黄色1分;棕黄色2分;棕褐色3分。着色细胞比例:无着色0分;<30﹪为1分;30﹪-60﹪为2分;≥60%为3分。着色强度和着色细胞比例两者相加0-2分:弱阳性;3-4分:阳性;5-6分:强阳性[5]。
1.2.3 免疫组化染色结果统计学分析
应用SPSS19.0统计软件进行统计学分析。正态分布的计量资料两两比较采用两样本t检验或配对t检验,非正态分布资料采用Wilcoxon秩和检验,数据均用均数±标准差表示,p<0.05 即两组间差异有统计学意义。
1.2.4 ROC曲线分析
以免疫组化结果为依据,采用ROC曲线分析DCN、FN1、PKM2和HSP90B1这4个蛋白单独或联合对CAC和NCM的判别效率。p<0.05 即认为差异有统计学意义。
2.结果
2.1 IHC检测部分差异表达蛋白质的表达水平
IHC检测DCN,FN1,PKM2和HSP90B1在冰冻切片的结肠癌及正常结肠黏膜中的表达。SPSS19.0版统计软件对实验结果进行统计学分析。结果显示:DCN、PKM2和HSP90B1在结肠癌间质中表达下调,FN1在结肠癌间质中表达上调。p<0.05 即两组间差异有统计学意义。(表1)
表1 IHC检测DCN、FN1、PKM2、HSP90B1蛋白在结肠癌和正常结肠黏膜组织中的表达
2.2 多指标联合对结肠癌诊断的价值评估
基于DCN、FN1、PKM2和HSP90B1间质差异蛋白在23例结肠癌组织和
23例正常结肠黏膜组织中的表达水平,我们以免疫组化的得分为依据,采用接收者操作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线分析这4个差异表达蛋白质单独或联合使用判别结肠癌的能力[6]。ROC曲线也叫做相关操作特征曲线[7,8],ROC曲线的优点:能依据具体情况设置诊断界限值;依据设置的诊断界限值可方便的查询其对疾病的判别能力;在联合多指标进行比较时,可将各结果的ROC曲线绘制到同一坐标图中,直观的比较指标间的优劣。另外,还可计算各结果的ROC曲线下面积(AUC)判断诊断价值。AUC越大,诊断价值越高。
结果显示(表2):4种蛋白质单独判别结肠癌的敏感性和特异性分别为
70-78%和70-87%,4种蛋白质组合判别结肠癌的敏感性和特异性均提高为82.6%和82.6%;4种蛋白质中,我们选用3个为一组进行组合判别结肠癌的敏感性和特异性分别为65.2%-82.6%和82.6%-87%;4种蛋白质中,我们采用2个为一组进行组合判别结肠癌的敏感性和特异性分别为69.6%-82.6%和65.2%-87%。其中,DCN、FN1和HSP90B1三个蛋白联合,DCN、FN1、PKM2和HSP90B1四个蛋白联合的敏感性和特异性相同,均为82.6%和82.6%。比单个蛋白判别结肠癌具有更好的灵敏性和特异性。并且三个蛋白联合检测结果中与PKM2联合的组合,仅有65.2%-78.3%灵敏度,与两个蛋白联合检测的结果差别不大,提示在联合检测应用中PKM2的意义不明显。
表2 DCN、FN1、PKM2和HSP90B1四种蛋白质组合或分别判别结肠癌的ROC曲线分析
3 讨论
我们以生物信息学结果为依据,并通过文献复习,发现DCN,FN1,PKM2和HSP90B1在肿瘤的发生发展过程中有着及其重要的作用。
核心蛋白聚糖(Decorin,DCN)是一类广泛分布于人体各组织中,富含亮氨酸的小分子蛋白多糖,由富含亮氨酸的核心蛋白和一条糖胺聚糖链组成,属于ECM成分。据文献报道,DCN参与介导细胞信号转导而促进肿瘤的生长[9],在维持间质胶原结构方面起着关键作用[10]。近年来,国内外研究者发现DCN在多种肿瘤中均有抗肿瘤作用[11-13],说明DCN是重要的肿瘤抑制基因,DCN表达减少可以促进肿瘤的侵袭与发展。纤维连接蛋白(Fibronectin,FN)属于细胞外基质非胶原蛋白成分,由血管平滑肌细胞、血管内皮细胞和肝脏产生的一种多功能蛋白质。间质FN分布在癌周结缔组织中。可通过和细胞表面受体结合而介导细胞与细胞、细胞与细胞间质的粘附过程。据文献报道[14],卵巢癌细胞内间质FN普遍增高,与基底膜FN的变化相反,间质FN的表达与肿瘤的恶性程度相关,肿瘤的恶性程度越高,间质FN的表达增高越明显。基底膜FN的减少,使肿瘤细胞的粘附力降低,易于脱落,脱落的肿瘤细胞上有FN受体,能与间质FN结合,促进肿瘤细胞的生长及转移[15]。HSP90B1(热休克蛋白90kDa,β-1;也称为糖调节蛋白94,Grp94;或glycoprotein of 96KD,gp96)是热休克蛋白90家族的一员,位于细胞内质网。其功能与蛋白质折叠、装配密切相关;能激活机体产生抗肿瘤的特异性免疫应答。在乳腺癌的原代细胞中发现,上游原件XBP1和ATF6被激活,下游靶点C/EBP同源性蛋白质(C/EBP homologous protein,CHOP)以及ER分子伴侣GRP94(HSP90B1),GRP78、GRP170被激活,该结果也在胃癌、肝癌、食管癌、肺癌和黑色素瘤中被发现[16-19]。提示HSP90B1参与了内质网应激。此外,由于HSP90B1在多种肿瘤中表现出保护性免疫反应,国内外学者将其制作成为疫苗回注体内,对肿瘤的治疗取得了一定的效果[20]。
本研究采用了免疫组化的方法,检测DCN、PKM2、HSP90B1和FN1在结肠癌及正常结肠黏膜细胞中的定位及定性。免疫组化结果显示:DCN、PKM2和HSP90B1在结肠癌间质中表达下调,FN1在结肠癌间质中表达上调。然后应用接收者操作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线分析这4个间质差异蛋白质单独或联合使用判别结肠癌组织和正常结肠黏膜组织的能力[7]。本研究中ROC曲线结果提示:DCN、FN1、PKM2和HSP90B1蛋白联合检测较单项检测敏感性升高。DCN、FN1、PKM2和HSP90B1四者联合将检测结肠癌的敏感性提高为82.6%,特异性达82.6%,但与DCN、FN1和HSP90B1三者联合的敏感性、特异性相同,提示在联合检测应用中PKM2无明显意义。
临床的实际应用中,考虑到简便、高效、经济的原则,选择肿瘤标志物时选用DCN、FN1和HSP90B1的组合可提高检测结肠癌的敏感性和特异性。DCN、FN1和HSP90B1可作为结肠癌诊断的潜在标志物。
参考文献:
[1]Yuan Y1.et al,Role of the tumor microenvironment in tumor progression and the clinical applications(Review).Oncol Rep.,2016.35(5):p.2499-2515.
[2]Mu,Y.,Chen,Y.,Zhang,G.,Zhan,X.,Li,Y.,Liu,T.,Li,G.,Li,M.,Xiao,Z.,Gong,X.,Chen,Z.,Identification of stromal differentially expressed proteins in the colon carcinoma by quantitative proteomics.Electrophoresis,2013.34(11):p.1679-1692.
[3]Li,M.X.,et al.,Quantitative proteomic analysis of differential proteins in the stroma of nasopharyngeal carcinoma and normal nasopharyngeal epithelial tissue.J Cell Biochem,2009.106(4):p.570-9.
[4]Knoop,K.,et al.,Stromal targeting of sodium iodide symporter using mesenchymal stem cells allows enhanced imaging and therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma.Hum Gene Ther,2013.24(3):p.306-16.
[5]Zeng,G.Q.,et al.,Identification of candidate biomarkers for early detection of human lung squamous cell cancer by quantitative proteomics.Mol Cell Proteomics,2012.11(6):1377-1391
[6]Wang,M.C.and S.Li,ROC analysis for multiple markers with tree-based classification.Lifetime Data Anal,2013.19(2):p.257-277.
[7]Nakas CT,Reiser B:Editorial for the special issue of "Statistical Methods in Medical Research" on "Advanced ROC analysis".Stat Methods Med Res 2018,27(3):649-650.
[8]Nash,M.A.,M.T.Deavers,and R.S.Freedman,The expression of decorin in human ovarian tumors.Clin Cancer Res,2002.8(6):p.1754-60.
[9]Schaefer,I.,et al.,Prevalence of skin diseases in a cohort of 48,665 employees in Germany.Dermatology,2008.217(2):p.169-72.
[10]Yang,Yuefeng,et al.,Systemic Delivery of an Oncolytic Adenovirus Expressing Decorin for the Treatment of Breast Cancer Bone Metastases,Hum Gene Ther.,2015.26(12):813-825
[11]Zhang W,Ge Y,Cheng Q,Zhang Q,Fang L,Zheng J:Decorin is a pivotal effector in the extracellular matrix and tumour microenvironment.Oncotarget 2018,9(4):5480-5491.
[12]Li G,Li M,Liang X,Xiao Z,Zhang P,Shao M,Peng F,Chen Y,Li Y,Chen Z:Identifying DCN and HSPD1 as Potential Biomarkers in Colon Cancer Using 2D-LC-MS/MS Combined with iTRAQ Technology.J Cancer 2017,8(3):479-489.
[13]Bi,X.,et al.,Genetic deficiency of decorin causes intestinal tumor formation through disruption of intestinal cell maturation.Carcinogenesis,2008.29(7):p.1435-40.
[14]Zand,L.,et al.,Differential effects of cellular fibronectin and plasma fibronectin on ovarian cancer cell adhesion,migration,and invasion.In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim,2003.39(3-4):p.178-82.
[15]Huang ZC,Li H,Sun ZQ,Zheng J,Zhao RK,Chen J,Sun SG,Wu CJ:Distinct prognostic roles of HSPB1 expression in non-small cell lung cancer.Neoplasma 2018,65(1):161-166.
[16]Xu Y,Chen Z,Zhang G,Xi Y,Sun R,Wang X,Wang W,Chai F,Li X:HSP90B1 overexpression predicts poor prognosis in NSCLC patients.Tumour Biol 2016,37(10):14321-14328.
[17]Sunil Kumar BV,Bhardwaj R,Mahajan K,Kashyap N,Kumar A,Verma R:The overexpression of Hsp90B1 is associated with tumorigenesis of canine mammary glands.Mol Cell Biochem 2018,440(1-2):23-31.
[18]Block MS,Maurer MJ,Goergen K,Kalli KR,Erskine CL,Behrens MD,Oberg AL,Knutson KL:Plasma immune analytes in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer.Cytokine 2015,73(1):108-113.
[19]Simona Morone,et al.,Bind+ing of CD157 Protein to Fibronectin Regulates Cell Adhesion and Spreading,Journal of Biological Chemistry,2014.289(22):p.15588-15601
Jason Roszik,et al.,Novel algorithmic approach predicts tumor mutation load and correlates with immunotherapy clinical outcomes using a defined gene mutation set,BMC Medicine.2016.14(1):10.1186/s12916-016-0705-4.
作者简介:穆仪冰(1981.7-),女,博士研究生,主治医师,研究方向:肿瘤微环境/专业方向:消化内科(联系方式:muyibing@126.com,18874290610),湖南省长沙市开福区望麓园街道湘春路53号。本课题受国家自然科学基金No.81072038资助。
论文作者:穆仪冰,吴颖岚,邹颖,张江霖
论文发表刊物:《中国误诊学杂志》2018年第24期
论文发表时间:2018/10/10
标签:结肠癌论文; 蛋白论文; 特异性论文; 间质论文; 细胞论文; 敏感性论文; 肿瘤论文; 《中国误诊学杂志》2018年第24期论文;