History as a Mirror
The past shows sound China U.S. relations benefit both countries and beyond By Yu Shujun
Januay 1, 2019 marke d the 40th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and the United States. Looking back, former U.S. President Jimmy Carter once told Li Qiangmin, Chinese Consul General in Houston, that the most correct thing he had done during his presidential tenure from 1977 to 1981 was normalizing U.S.-China relations. The decision changed China, the United States, and the world, Carter said.
在中国的东、中、西部3个地区，随机抽取5个省份12家二级及以上的公立医院中的5714名就诊患者进行问卷调查，样本患者的抽取分别根据门诊患者的就诊号和住院患者的住院号进行随机抽样。其中，门诊患者占42.00%，住院患者占58.00%；东部地区受调查者占63.5%，中部占23.9%，西部占12.6%；小于等于25岁的占17.2%，26～35岁的占30.9%，36～45岁的占19.4%，46岁至55岁的占13.3%，55岁以上的占19.2%；98.3%的受调查者为汉族，1.7%为少数民族；80.8%为本地人(本县/区人)，19.2%为外地人。
It has not only changed, but also benefited, the two countries and the world, Li replied.
“It is an appropriate time to analyze and reflect upon the state of U.S.-China relations,” Carter wrote in a congratulatory letter to a forum co-hosted by the RUC (Renmin University of China) North America Alumni Association and the China Program of the Carter Center in Atlanta on December 15, 2018. The forum commemorated the issuance of the Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations Between China and the United States.
Amid uncertainties clouding the ties,a review of the past could lead to rethinking and new solutions, according to the participants.
曾先生向记者披露了此前没有提到的一处细节：将父母安排在酒店大堂靠里的座位后，曾先生外出寻找周围是否有酒店可以入住，此时，他在路上遇到一位同样没有找到酒店的中国女留学生。由于深夜室外气温仅有9度，加之附近有难民和醉汉不太安全，曾先生就带着她一起回到旅店暂时取暖。
Panelists discuss China-U.S. trade and investment at an event co-hosted by the RUC North America Alumni Association and the China Program of the Carter Center in Atlanta on December 15, 2018
Li pointed out in his keynote speech that cooperation is the best choice for both countries. “We should act in the fundamental interests of our two peoples. A good relationship benefits the two sides.Confrontation does harm,” he said.
Robert Kapp, former President of the U.S.-China Business Council, acknowledged that this is a difficult and challenging period for the two countries. “We have to keep thinking about how our relations with China create positive opportunities, not just at the level of national interests in a very general sense,” he said at the forum, stressing that a large number of Chinese are living in the United States and individual Americans are making their way to China and building a life there.
Productive years
For China, Li said the normalization of relations with the United States facilitated the implementation of the reform and opening up policy. It helped China get technology to support its modernization. Subsequently,China’s GDP ranking rose from ninth in the world in 1978 to second currently. As for the United States, U.S. companies made a lot of pro fit from China, which is now the second largest market in the world.
Chinese exports to the United States,high-quality but low-priced, have helped keep the U.S. inflation rate stable, Li said,adding that a pair of jeans from China still costs the same in the United States as in the 1990s. While the U.S. dollar has devalued, consumer product prices have still been kept at a very low level.
A third of the travel is related to education. That’s a huge gain for the U.S.economy, much larger than reciprocal U.S. travel to China. This has been a strong component of U.S. growth, contributing 0.8 percent to the U.S. GDP, according to Buckley.
一是1930年以前的预备时代，闻一多以研究李杜为起点，逐渐实现“从诗到诗”的第一次转变——由“诗人”转向唐诗研究“学者”。
The trade tension has affected investment from China, according to Buckley.
Trade between China and the United States was worth about $2.45 billion in 1979. In 2017, it surged 237 times to $580 billion. The number of people-to-people exchanges was less than 10,000 in 1979.Today, the number has exceeded 6 million.There were no nonstop flights across the Pacific Ocean in 1979, but now, every 17 minutes, there’s one flight taking off from each side.
But now, it’s difficult for Chinese companies to decide where to locate their facilities in the United States as they have to think whether the tariffs will be longlasting or short-lived. “What if your inputs are going up in price by 25 percent? That can really change the equation of how a business seeks to organize its supply chain.These side issues have real repercussions on our jobs,” Buckley said.
U.S.-China relations should be put in a multifaceted context and dealt with in a multi-layer approach, Li Shanquan, Senior Vice President at investment agency Oppenheimer Funds, said. As the world situation changes, every country, including the United States and China, has its own internal challenges, he said. “The United States can’t win by simply blaming its partner. It should try to figure out its own problems.”
Buckley, who served as senior economic policy advisor to four U.S. commerce secretaries, said when the United States talks about its trade deficit with China, it fails to acknowledge its $40-billion surplus in services trade. “Services are a large proportion of U.S. employment and output,”Buckley said, adding that the United States enjoys significant competitive advantages in terms of trade.
“There’s been a huge attribution when things go wrong… We always attributed factory closures to trade, without paying attention to technology,” she said.
从实验结果来看，碱性蛋白酶的亚铁离子螯合力在酶解1 h后基本稳定在35%～40%之间，中性蛋白酶酶解产物达到最大的亚铁离子螯合能力在5 h左右，可达50%。方差分析显示，两种酶的亚铁离子螯合力结果没有显著差异。胃蛋白酶的亚铁离子螯合力检测结果显示全为负值，可能与其产物pH值过低有关[14]。
为了实现河岸植被缓冲带拦截污染物、净化河流水体的生态系统服务功能目标，本研究综合考虑阿什河两侧土壤理化特性、地形因子、土地覆被等空间环境要素，建立了阿什河岸植被缓冲带空间数据库，在GIS技术支持下，结合时间模型计算河岸植被缓冲带可变宽度。
Deloitte Managing Director Patricia Buckley stressed that travel produces the third largest Chinese export to the United States. When Chinese citizens come, that’s an export because Chinese money is spent in the United States, she said.
Although Chinese investment in the United States is a lot smaller than U.S.investment in China, it has been growing rapidly, from $1 billion in 2008 to $40 billion today. The number of Deloitte’s Chinese clients looking to locate their businesses in the United States has grown 20 percent yearly, according to Buckley. “It’s a very dynamic market,” she said.
China and the United States also cooperate on many regional and international issues. They share broad common interests in safeguarding world peace and addressing global challenges, Li said.
根据垃圾填埋场现状分布情况，确定城市垃圾填埋场适宜性主要受地质环境条件、环境保护条件、经济条件和场地条件等因素制约，将这五大因素作为一级评价因子，二级评价因子包括场地距浅水面的距离、岩土渗透性、有效阻隔层厚度、场地稳定性、距离水源的距离、距附近地表水距离、距民用机场的距离、距居民区的距离、对风景名胜的影响、常年风向的影响、场地到运输站的距离、距已有道路的距离、土地利用价值、场地平坦程度、作业区域大小、防渗粘性土来源16个，建立如图1所示的评价体系和分级标准（表2），评价体系共分为目标层A、制约因素层B、制约子因素层C三层。
Benjamin Shobert, a member of the National Committee on U.S.-China Relations, warned that in the midst of trade tensions, it’s very easy to forget all the extraordinary good work, all of the diplomacy,all the personal relationships and all the institutional capacity that were built between the two countries. “There are people around that are focused on making sure we learn lessons from history,” he said. “Don’t take the modern era for granted.”
Dealing with differences
But since 2018, tensions between the two countries have grown, mainly over trade. U.S. President Donald Trump blames China for the U.S. trade deficit, regarding it as the cause of U.S. manufacturing job losses. So far, the Trump administration has slapped tariffs on $250 billion of Chinese products, roughly half of China’s annual exports to the United States.
高血压是一种心血管临床综合征，也是心血管内科最常见的疾病，是脑卒中最重要的危险因素。研究证实与非高血压人群相比较，老年高血压患者病死率明显增高，且与患者血压水平明显相关；进一步研究发现老年高血压患者SBP每增加10 mmHg或DBP每增加4～5 mmHg，其脑血管疾病发生率约增加40%～50%，心血管疾病发生率增加20～30%左右。而随着我国人口老龄化不断加深，我国老年高血压患者的患病率高达50%左右；老年高血压的防控形势日益严重。
Li Shanquan said structural changes are difficult to implement. “Trump wants to bring manufacturing back to the United States, but it took so long to form the current economic structure. It won’t change overnight,” he said.
He said China and the United States need dialogue to figure out ways to cooperate. While there are difficulties at the government level, “you have to look at the corporate level and the people level,” he said. Despite their concerns, many U.S. and Chinese corporations are still trying to figure out how to carry on with their business as before. More importantly, according to Li Shanquan, ordinary U.S. and Chinese people still think the two countries’ relations should advance and improve.
Khairy Tourk, an economics professor at the Illinois Institute of Technology, said one of the difficulties the two countries face is that they look at the same thing and interpret it differently.
“China looks at the Made in China 2025 program as a way to get out of the middleincome trap. It wants to move up the technology ladder and join the advanced nations. But the United States looks at the same thing with the mindset of the Thucydides Trap (an established power’s fear of a rising power, which leads to war).The United States is afraid that it will be replaced soon. This is not the right reading,”Tourk said.
Consul General Li also referred to it.“China’s development is not to challenge the United States but to bring the Chinese a better life,” he said, stressing that the two countries should handle their differences in a constructive way based on mutual respect.
“It’s only natural for the two countries to have disagreements and differences.Only by respecting each other’s core interests and major concerns, building trust through dialogue and consultation, and seeking common ground can we narrow differences and keep bilateral relations from being adversely affected by the differences,” he said.
(Reporting from Atlanta)
Copyedited by Sudeshna Sarkar
Comments to yushujun@bjreview.com
标签：China论文; relations论文; UNITED论文;