浅谈定语从句常见命题角度及解题技巧，本文主要内容关键词为：从句论文,定语论文,浅谈论文,命题论文,角度论文，此文献不代表本站观点，内容供学术参考，文章仅供参考阅读下载。
关于定语从句，几乎每年高考都考，而高考命题点则主要涉及到关系代词或关系副词的选择。因此，本文拟就历届高考对定语从句的命题作一归纳，以期对广大考生有所帮助。
定语从句在句中相当于一个形容词，起“定语”的作用，修饰说明名词、代词或主句全部内容；通常在被修饰的词语（即“先行词”）之后，由“关系词”引导。要做好定语从句有关试题，就得必须理解透“关系词”具有的三种功能：（1 ）引导一个定语从句（“在从句开头”）；（2）指代或替代“先行词”；（3）在定语从句中充当成分。“关系词”依其在定语从句中（不是主句）的功用，又分为“关系代词”和“关系副词”两种。因此定语从句的命题尤其是高考命题常基于上述三点来命制。本文拟从六个方面对定语从句的命题角度及其解题技巧略作分析。
命题角度之一：正确区分关系代词
解题技巧 先请看下表：
从上述表中可看出，that引出的定语从句功能强，除不能作定语（用whose）外，其它几个功能都可用that 。 但命题角度主要从that 与which指物时的区别为重点进行命制。例如：1）Finally, the thiefhanded everything___________ he had stolen to the police.（’87高考题）
A.which B.what
C.whatever
D.that
2）All__________is needed is a supply of oil.（’87高考题）
A.the thing B.that
C.what
D.which
【析】答案：1）D 2）B
选that不选which是因为先行词特殊：
先行词为①all,everything,anything,nothing,few, little,much,any,the one等时，如例1），2）。注：当先行词为something时，关系代词可用that，也可用which； ②指事物的“先行词”前面有“形容词最高级”，“序数词”或all,no,only,any,every,little,much,the very,the last等修饰时；③先行词既指人又指物时； ④以who,which引出的特殊疑问句中含定语从句，常用that引出。据以上试题还应注意：定语从句中无what 和whatever作引导词， 因为它们常引导名词性从句。
3）He paid the boy $ 10 for washing ten windows, mostof______hadn't been cleaned for at least a year.(MET90)
A.these
B.those C.that D.which
4）She heard a terrible noise,___________brought herheart into her mouth.(MET88)
A.it B.whichC.thisD.that
5）Alice received an invitation from
her
boss,__________came as a surprise.(MET91)
A.it B.thatC.whichD.he
6）The weather turned out to be very good,__________wasmore than we could expect.(MET94)
A.whatB.whichC.that D.it
7）Tom's mother kept telling him that he should work hard,but__________didn't help.(MET93)
A.heB.whichC.sheD.it
【析】答案：3）D 4）B 5）C 6）B 7）D
3），4），5），6）选which不选that是因为①which 可直接放在介词后作宾语而that 不能；②which可替代前面整个句子引导一个非限定性定语从句（逗号后多考虑为非限制性定语从句）；例7）选it 而不选which，主要是因为横线前的but一词。这是因为but为并列连词， 常连接前后两个独立分句，使前后具有明显的转折关系，故非限制性定语从句前无并列连词and，but，or，so等。
8）A child________parents are dead is called an orphan.（’86高考题）
A.whichB.hisC.whose
D.with
9）His parents wouldn't let him marry anyone_______familywas poor.(MET88)
A.of whom B.whomC.of whoseD.whose
【析】答案：8）C 9）D
例8）中先行词child 与定语从句中的parents 有所属关系， 即child's parents,划线部分在定语从句中作定语，故选C。同理例9）选whose。
命题角度之二：正确区分关系代词（that或which ）与关系副词when（表时间）、where（表地点）、why（表原因）。
解题技巧：重点根据定语从句中所缺成分来确定是用关系代词还是关系副词， 决不能因先行词是时间名词就用when ， 地点名词就用where，先行词是reason就用why来确定。请看例句：
10 ）I can still remember the sitting- room________mymother and I used to sit in the evening.（’86高考题）
A.whatB.whichC.thatD.where
11）After living in Paris for fifty years he returned tothe small town______he grew up as a child.(NMET 96)
A.whichB.whereC.thatD.when
12）I shall never forget those years_______I lived in thecountry with the farmers,__________has a great effect on mylife.（94年上海高考试题）
A.that; whichB.when; which
C.which; thatD.when; who
13）...I also enjoyed the evenings when we spent together.（NMET95短文改错89小题）
14）...I live in Beijing,where is the capital of China.（NMET97短文改错89小题）
15）I don't know the reason______you were absent from themeeting, but I'm sure that someone will tell me
thereason____you haven't (told me).
A.why; thatB.that; why
C.because; which
D.of which; that
16）It was about 600 years ago______the first clock witha face and an hour hand was made.（NMET97）
A.thatB.untilC.beforeD.when
【析】答案：10）D 11）B 12）B 13）将when 改为that 或which或去掉when 14）将where改为 which 15）A 16）A
例10），11）中，定语从句缺地点状语，分别修饰定语从句中的谓语动词sit，grew up，故用where；例12）中，先行词为years指时间，在第一个定语从句中作时间状语，修饰lived，故用when；例13）， 14）在短文改错中尽管先行词为时间名词evenings，地点名词Beijing， 但是二者分别在定语从句中作spent的宾语和定语从句的主语， 故例13）应用关系代词which或that，但例14）只能用which引导非限制性定语从句。例15）第一空后定语从句缺原因状语（for...reason），故可用why（或for which）；第二空后定语从句中tell缺直接宾语，故用that或which。例16）此题前面it was是关键，不能因600 years ago 表时间就选when，此题主要考查由it 引出的强调句型。 （注：判断方法：去掉 it was...that，句子应完整无缺）。
命题角度之三：当先行词在定语从句中作主语时，应注意主谓语的一致性及被动语态问题。
解题技巧：关系代词who（人），which（物），that（人或物）在定语从句中作主语时，一定要与先行词保持主谓一致及语态一致，绝不能与主句的主语保持一致。
17）Bill was standing at the side of the car,
talkingto two men who was helping him to repair it.（NMET 91 短文改错19小题）
18 ）Tom was one of the best students who______atyesterday's school meeting.
A.was praisingB.were praising
C.have been praised
D.were praised
【析】答案：17）将was改为were 18）D.例17 中， who 指先行词two men；例18）中，who替代students。在定语从句中praise 意为“表扬”， 按语义理解， 应是昨天校会上“受（被）表扬的”， 故用were praised。及物动词无宾语常用被动语态。
命题角度之四：定语从句中不能再重复与先行词有关的代词或副词。
解题技巧：必须牢记定语从句中关系词已经替代先行词并且在定语从句中已经充当其成分，故不能再用相关的代词或副词。例如：
19）I do remember you having apologized to the old lady Imet her last week.（91年上海高考题）
20）We shall visit the school where your father hasworked there for many years.（改错）
21）...However,David and I did not agree and Davidpointed to a path which it he thought would probably lead toa village.（NMET91 短文改错）
【析】 例19）该题中定语从句前省略作met宾语的关系代词whom，因此her应去掉；例20）将where 引出的定语从句中的there 去掉， 因where已经在定语从句中作了地点状语，所以应避免成分上的重复； 例21）中将which的引出定语从句中的it去掉。
命题角度之五：对介词后接关系代词而不接关系副词的考查；介词是用which还是whom；以及介词的如何确定。
解题技巧：既然介词后接宾语，自然用（关系）代词，而不用副词（因副词常作状语，不作宾语）；先行词指物，用“介词+which ”，指人用“介词+whom”，且两个关系代词均不可省；介词的选取必须遵循两个原则：（1）定语从句中谓语动词与先行词的搭配而定；（2）根据先行词的特殊用法而定。例如：
22 ）In the dark street, there wasn't a singleperson____she could turn for help.（MET 92）
A.that B.who
C.from whom D.to whom
【析】答案：22）D。该题介词的选用遵循第（1）条原则：以定语从句中turn与先行词person搭配形成：turn to sb.(for help) “向某人求助”这个固定短语而定。
23）The gardener was called to tell the way_______thepoor dog had died.（MET89 完形填空）
A.that B.whichC.howD.in which
【析】答案：23）选D。该题介词的选用遵循第（2）个原则：以特殊的先行词way引导定语从句，且从句缺状语时， “以……的方式”用in（this，the）way，故用in which。
命题角度之六：关系代词as的考查。
解题技巧：关系代词as引导限制性定语从句时既可指人又可指物。它只能替代由such，the same等修饰的先行词；as引导非限制性定语从句时，可放于句首，替代从句后整个主句；也可置于句尾替代从句前整个主句，此时不用that也不用which。例如：
24）The word "write" has the same pronunciation______theword "right".（’84高考题）
A.of B.asC.toD.from
25）Robert is good at languages,_________we all know.（MET89）
A.thatB.asC.whenD.what
26）__________is known to all,China will be an advancedand powerful country in 20 or 30 years' time.（94 年上海高考题）
A.ThatB.ThisC.AsD.It
【析】答案：24）B 25）B 26）C
例 24）因先行词pronunciation前有the same限制；例25），26）引导非限制性定语从句时，指代整个主句所表达的内容，意思是“正如……”、“正像……一样”。
综上所述，高考对定语从句的考查从题型或形式上看，常常反映在单项填空、完形填空及短文改错这三个大题上；从命题的角度及内容上看常涉及上述五个方面。因此看准定语从句常见命题角度，分析掌握好其常见解题思路及答题技巧，对广大考生将会大有帮助。
【测试】改正下列有关定语从句的错误：
1.Have you read these novels that was written by Lu Xun?
2.He talked brilliantly of the poems and the poet whointerested him greatly.
3.He said nothing,that made his father quite puzzled.
4.Please look at the museum where your father and Ivisited twenty years ago.
5.They take good care of the granny her son lost his lifeduring the war.
6.From practice we can lcarn much that can't learn frombooks.
7.The most difficult book which I've ever read is TomSawyer.
8.The days on which we spent in the 11th Asian Games wereunforgettable.
9.Please don't make such simple mistakes that I've justpointed out.
10.We have not fixed the date in which we shall start ourholidays.
11.China has hundreds of islands,the largest of that isTaiwan.
12.She told me that it was in a railway station where shefirst met Jack.
【答案】 1.was→were 2.who→that 3.that→which 4.where→that 或 which 或去掉 where 5.her→whose 6.第二个 learn →be learned 7.which→that 8.去掉 on 9.that→as 10.in→on 11.that→which 12.where→that（强调句型）