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英语学习的课堂应该包括语言知识的学习、语言文化的浸润、语言信息的评析以及语言学习过程中的思维能力的提升,这就要求英语课堂能充分体现出英语学科的知识性、交际性、文化性、工具性的特征。语言交际(口语和书面语)是有意义的,语言教学更应关注课堂教学过程给予学生的体验和感受,关注学生的学习方式,使学生在课堂上既有获得知识的体验又有形成语言能力的过程。
教师要精心设计教学环节,使语言环境和背景知识有序合理地渗透在整个课堂教学过程中,让学生每时每刻都沉浸在语言的氛围中。教师在处理语言知识时,应根据学生的学习特点,有重点、有层次地采用形式多样的机械性操练和意义性操练进行强化和巩固,为学生进入、运用、演绎所学语言并最终完成交流设置合理递进的台阶。教师既要善于激活学生已有的语言能力,又要对新旧知识进行有机地串联与整合,使学生每分每秒都在课堂上使用所学的英语,从而实现学与用在同一个进程中和谐地交织在一起。
随着《上海市中小学课程标准》《改进课堂教学的几点意见》的颁布和实施,2006年夏上海市中小幼教师全员培训示范课的引领,2007年春上海市各区县862节录像课的网上互动,上海市中学英语课堂的教学质量也有了新的、稳步的提升;教师心目中的课堂教学标准与二期课改的要求更加接近,教师在听课、评课活动中显得更加自信和成熟;英语学科的课堂特点和新的课程理念更趋平衡。下面我们从几个案例来分析如何提升课堂教学的有效性。
现象一:
教师在设计教学活动的时候,应根据教学目标和教学内容,选择合适的素材、情景和教学方法,激发学生的学习兴趣。如果教师缺乏对教学策略的研究,其教学活动之间的相关性就会不强、目标主线就会不清晰、目标达成度就会不高;如果教师的提问难度坡度设计不合适、缺乏针对性和启发性、要求不明确或问题空间太大,往往就会造成学生不知如何回答、要回答什么;如果提出的问题开放性不够,就不会激发学生的思维。
实例一:句型操练应以对语言的理解为先导。
这是一组核心句型“would you like…”和neither、so引导的倒装句在情境中的应用练习。根据学生的学习特点,教师有重点、有层次地通过信息递减补全对话形式,从机械性的模仿操练到意义性的运用操练,使学生面对适度的挑战,在相关语境中强化、巩固、熟练运用核心句型。
Step one:
A:Which film would you like to see?
B:I'd like to see…It's about…
A:No,I don't like films about…very much.
C:Neither do I.I'd rather see…
B:Is it about…?
C:Yes,it's interesting/exciting/wonderful.
A:Great! I'd like to see it.
B:So would I.
C:OK.Let's go to see this film.
Step two:
A:Which film…?
B:I'd like to see…It's about…
A:No,I don't…very much.
C:Neither…I'd rather see…
B:Is it about…?
C:Yes,it's…
A:Great! I'd like…
B:So…
C:OK.Let's…
Step three:
A:Which…?
B:I'd like…it's about…
A:No…
C:…I'd rather…
B:…about…?
C:Yes…
A:Great! …
B:…
C:OK…
(感谢兴陇中学沈喆老师提供案例)
教师在处理教学内容时,既考虑学生已有的英语知识,又对新旧知识进行了有机的串联与整合。譬如,复习“I don't like films about…very much.”“It's interesting/exciting/wonderful.”等学生已学过的句型、形容词以及有关电影的单词。
同时,教师还注重把学生所需要的语言环境和背景知识渗透在整个过程中。比如,在最后一部分的操练中,学生已经可以在谈论电影的基础上把话题转向电视节目、书籍、音乐等与学生生活相关的话题方面,籍此,教师可以让学生自然而然地沉浸在愉悦的语言氛围中,使学生的话语总量和学习质量在课上得以充分的体现。
现象二:
教师在课堂教学中试图体现学生的主体性,但有时学生自主学习仅仅停留在形式上,缺乏独立思考的时间和空间;或者,教师的提问缺少思维价值,没能挖掘出文本真正的内涵,课堂中缺乏师生平等、民主、开放的思维层面的交流。
实例二:思维拓展应以对文本的挖掘为基础。
√Where did Ryan meet the writer?
In a biology class,in the front of the classroom.
√How did he and the writer become true friends?
The writer greeted Ryan with a "Hello",
√The writer greeted Ryan with a "Hello",and how did Ryan reply?
Ryan replied cheerfully.
√Why did Ryan reply cheerfully and why did the simple word "Hello" make Ryan and the writer become true friends? What is the answer in the third paragraph ?
I was the only true friend he had ever made that talked to HIM and not to his wheelchair.
√Could anyone tell us why here "HIM" is capitalized?
The writer respects the person and regards Ryan as a healthy person instead of a disabled one.
√The title is "His Incredible Torch Run".Why did the writer say Ryan's torch run is incredible?
Because Ryan is a disabled person and he will endure great pain to carry out his run,etc.
√Since we have read the whole process of Ryan's torch run,let's come back to the question again; does "incredible" here also have other meanings? What are they?
It also describes the atmosphere and the people who are lined up,other runners and the writer.
√This is an incredible torch run and since the writer says that "I could not have been any prouder of Ryan!",there must be some positive attributes in Ryan.Can you tell us his positive attributes by using some adjectives and locate the details in the text?
√Since the writer is Ryan's true friend,he must have his own attributes that attract Ryan.
√All these attributes in Ryan(and the writer)can be concluded as three words for their friendship.Please find those three words in our text and the symbol of those three words.
Love,enthusiasm,brotherhood.The symbol of them is the flame.
(感谢延安中学吕斌老师提供案例)
这是外教社《英语》(新世纪版)11年级的Additional reading部分中的一篇题为“Ryan,His Friends,and His Incredible Torch Run”的文章。教师巧妙地抓住了课文中的Hello、Him、incredible等关键词,层层追问,不仅仅局限于文章表层所传递的信息,而是充分挖掘人物的内心活动和人物品性。这种追问既让学生读懂了课文,又帮助学生捕捉到语言文字传情达意的魅力;既让学生通过口头回答问题表述自己的感受,又引导学生通过阅读文章寻找细节、关键词,进而归纳总结阅读技巧;既让学生体验阅读时的思想、情感,产生与文本的共鸣,又告诉学生朋友之间交往的内涵、友谊和人格。这是语言、德育、文化和哲理的交融。
现象三:
由于教师在备课时,缺乏“因生制宜”,对学生已学知识、生活经验、实践体验缺乏了解,教学重点和难点的把握有偏差,因而在课堂上对学生已知的问题、枝节问题不断追问或反复纠缠。譬如,在上作文课时,教师缺乏针对性.对结构、语言、立意的指导十分泛化,没有对“如何用地道的英语表达”进行有效的指导,师生之间缺少交流和对话。
实例三:语育表达应以能解决学生的困难为突破。
√在教学过程中,教师首先显现原文的段落,引出学生的共性问题。
First and foremost,social practice will help build up our confidence.We meet a lot of people and by communicating with them and we learn how to deal with them and make a lot of good friends.
√接着,教师解读段落主题句“Social practice will help build up our confidence”。找出social practice、build up、confidence三个关键词,帮助学生回想自己的社交活动,并交流自己的亲身体验,从而建立社交活动与自信心的内在关联。
√在此基础上,学生通过自我反思,独立修改原文。(从下列范文中,我们可以发现学生对于议论文段落之间的逻辑关系有了领悟。教学的有效性得到了充分体现。)
范文一:Social practice can help build our confidence.By means of taking social practice such as community work.military training,we have the capacity of coping with the obstacles we will meet with.We cultivate the ability to be independent of our parents gradually.Faced with the pressure to compete with others,we won't be afraid.We feel more and more confident when showing ourselves in the presence of strangers.
范文二:Social practice can help build our confidence.As we have been burying ourselves in books and papers,we rarely go outside to participate in social practice.In fact,making a visit to the old,we feel a sense of responsibility.Donating our pocket money and books to children in mountainous areas,we convey our love.Receiving friends coming from Hong Kong and other areas,we harvest friendship.By taking an active part in social practice,we can demonstrate ourselves and show our special quality.Everyone will keep up his confidence and will have the courage to say "I can!"(感谢七宝中学汤晓燕老师提供案例)
这是一堂高三年级的作文讲评课。教师在批阅作文和分析学情后发现,学生对议论文结构掌握较好,但是不能对正文部分某一个段落的某一个主题进行逻辑性的论证,或发表自己的见解。因此,教师把本节课的教学重点定为“Develop a logical paragraph”。其教学目标是:让学生通过个人反思、组员共享、交流评价等手段,进行英语思维,并围绕主题进行富有逻辑性的写作。教师没有纠缠于议论文的结构,而是直奔主题,旨在以有限的课堂教学时间有效地解决学生实际困难。
通过上述有效教学现象与案例的分析,笔者认为:
1.在课堂教学过程中,英语教师应重视学生的实际反应,灵活应变,调整课堂教学的节奏,同时也要避免在设问时仅仅从知识、考点出发,而忽略学生对文本内涵的理解,忽视语言欣赏、诵读等方面的培养。
2.英语教师应精心准备课堂教学过程中的训练环节,认真处理重点和难点。
3.英语教师在组织学生操练新学的语言知识时,切忌枯燥乏味。除了运用多种课堂活动形式和组织形式外,教师还应设计合理的、贴近学生生活的情景,把教学任务融入到真实生活的语言环境中,为学生创设理解语言、训练技能、运用语言的语言学习环境,并进一步培养学生用所学语言分析问题、解决问题的能力。
4.在课堂教学过程中,英语教师(尤其是高中英语教师)应该最大限度地模拟社会生活场景。这种模拟不是单纯的道具模拟,而是生活场景的模拟,让学生真正获得角色的体验和思想的交流。