Talks or Tariffs?
As the U.S. and EU gear up for trade negotiations, experts point out the costs if dialogue fails By Ma Miaomiao
T he Ethiopian Airlines Flight 302 crash in March that claimed 157 lives was a second blow for leading U.S. large aircraft maker Boeing as it was the second mishap featuring its Boeing 737 MAX 8 aircraft in eight months. The Lion Air Flight 610 that went down in Indonesia last October also featured the same model.
结合工程实践经验，针对于工期要求高的前提下，采用三轴式摊铺机进行水泥混凝土路面施工具有重要意义。文章通过结合某一高速公路施工建设项目进行水泥混凝土路面修复施工，鉴于公路地处交通要塞处，为了能有效提高施工效率，水泥混凝土路面施工中采用到三轴式摊铺机。路面施工采用三轴式摊铺机，对整个工艺环节，如制作、安装模板、混凝土拌和、混凝土运输与摊铺、滚动、振动及整平等施工均采取严格控制，为同类工程提供参考借鉴。
Exclusion criteria:case reports,experts'experience,reviews,animal studies,systematic reviews,and meta-analysis were excluded.
Since the crashes, which triggered a global grounding of the aircraft, Boeing is now caught in a battle of words between the United States and the European Union(EU).
It started with a tweet by U.S. President Donald Trump on April 9. “The World Trade Organization finds that the European Union subsidies to Airbus has [sic] adversely impacted the United States, which will now put tariffs on $11 billion of EU products!”Trump tweeted.
The dispute over subsidies to Boeing and Airbus has been at the World Trade Organization (WTO) for years in arbitration,starting in 2004. Although the WTO said in its final ruling on March 28 that the U.S.subsidy is illegal, the two sides interpreted it differently.
In the view of Dong Yifan, a research fellow with the Beijing-based China Institutes of Contemporary International Relations, the U.S. move is nothing but a repetition of its old tricks.
Since the two sides have not made any progress in trade talks since last August,the United States turned to its old tactic of threatening additional tariffs to force the EU to return to the negotiating table, Dong said.
“Our ultimate goal is to reach an agreement with the EU to end all WTO-inconsistent subsidies to large civil aircraft,”U.S. Trade Representative Robert Lighthizer said on April 8. “When the EU ends these harmful subsidies, the additional U.S. duties imposed in response can be lifted.”
总之，在地理教学中，教师必须不断学习国内外教育理论，密切注视教育发展的新动向，认真研究教学中存在的问题，把精力集中在课堂教学上，最大限度地提高每堂课的教学效率，实现轻“负担”、高质量。同时还要有较高的教育科研水平，把课堂教学当作一门科学艺术来研究，改向经验要效率为向教育科研要效率；改向题海战术要质量为向教学改革要质量。
Different views
In a countermeasure, the European Commission (EC) on April 17 published a list of U.S goods worth $20 billion, threatening to impose retaliatory tariffs over the U.S. Government’s subsidies to Boeing.
在许沁这儿碰壁，并不感到意外，这事不经几个回合，是不会有结果的。雨落和玉敏在路上分析，若让许沁补款是勉为其难，可许沁为什么坚持不退货呢？是贪心所致，还是另有隐情？两人都说不清。雨落说许沁如果坚持说寄国外了，下次你让她出示邮局存根。
The EU’s interpretation was that it had the “ final victory,” vindicating its “long held position that the United States has taken no steps to comply with WTO rules on [its]support to Boeing.”
程瀚喝酒喜欢喝茅台，甚至非茅台酒不喝。当年，程瀚曾安排专人开着皮卡去机场拉茅台酒。除了喜好茅台，程瀚对红酒同样青睐有加，曾安排专人去上海采购拉菲。合肥市公安局指挥中心楼上、特警支队食堂二楼上有很大一个包厢，里面设置如同夜总会，就是为程瀚设置的，有很多高档的红酒、洋酒、啤酒。
However, the two sides won’t let the threats develop into an actual trade war,Xin said, calling it a game of litigation within the WTO, which might be resolved by negotiation.
Xin Hua, a professor with Shanghai International Studies University, called the U.S. action premeditated to force the EU to make concessions in bilateral trade and further open its markets to U.S. goods and services, since it is dissatisfied with the EU policies supporting the core industries in European countries.
In fact, senior officials on both sides are reluctant to see the additional tariffs implemented and hope to find a mutually beneficial solution.
It is also a ploy to offset the market turmoil Boeing faces by attacking its competitor Airbus, Dong added.
On the other side of the Atlantic,European Commissioner for Trade Cecilia Malmstrom replied that Brussels doesn’t want a tit-for-tat. She said, “While we need to be ready with countermeasures in case there is no other way out, I still believe that dialogue is what should prevail between important partners such as the EU and the United States, including in bringing an end to this long-standing dispute.” She added that “the EU remains open to discussions with the United States, provided they are without preconditions and aim at a fair outcome.”
The two sides hold different views on WTO regulations, Dong said. The EU respects the WTO dispute resolution system and its countermeasures were taken under the WTO framework. The Trump administration, on the contrary, has expressed disdain for the system and treated it with contempt while initiating trade frictions with many countries such as Canada,Russia and China.
Ironically, it praised the WTO ruling this time, using it as an excuse to threaten more tariffs. If the United States loses its patience again, it might become a real friction similar to the aluminum tariff case last year, Dong said.
Through the trade talks the EU expects to eliminate tariffs on its industrial products and remove regulatory barriers. But Trump has publicly threatened on many occasions to impose tariffs on EU cars exported to the United States. So it is uncertain how the two sides will bridge their differences.
The United States called the ruling a“major win” since the WTO has rejected 28 other EU claims. It also said thefinal ruling proves that the EU’s subsidies to Airbus far exceed its subsidies to Boeing. Washington has seized that as an excuse to try to slap tariffs on EU goods covering Airbus planes as well as cheese, wine and motorcycles.
Transatlantic trade talks
Negotiations will start following the European Council’s vote on April 15 to do so. But the recent tariff dispute has cast a shadow over the prospect of the talks.
There are several structural differences between the two sides, Dong said.Malmstrom has made it clear that agricultural products would not be part of the talks. The EU has also stressed that trade talks will not get off the ground until the United States lifts its previous tariffs on the bloc’s metal exports. It said it would unilaterally suspend negotiations if the United States imposes any more trade restrictions.
1.“中国特色社会主义”是作为整体性的社会主义。张献生认为，“准确把握中国特色社会主义的内涵，需要从其三个维度来认识：中国特色社会主义是一条道路，因为它是中国实现社会主义现代化的必由之路；中国特色社会主义是理论体系，因为它是指导党和人民沿着中国特色社会主义道路实现中华民族伟大复兴的正确理论；中国特色社会主义是一种制度，因为它为当代中国发展进步提供了一系列的根本制度保障，集中体现了中国特色社会主义的特点和优势。准确把握中国特色社会主义的内涵，还需把它看作是具有实践特色、理论特色、民族特色、时代特色的有机整体。”［8］
EU trade ministers hold an informal meeting in Bucharest, Romania, on February 22. European Trade Commissioner Cecilia Malmstrom threatened that the EU will end trade negotiations with the United States if the latter imposes tariffs on car imports from the EU
The resources and energy invested in the negotiations may be limited. The United States is still negotiating with China and Japan, while the EU has its internal agenda such as the installation of a new EC and the election of the European Parliament. These may affect the continuity of the trade talks, Dong said.
France, the only EU member that voted against the trade talks, is concerned about the potential impact of the talks on the EU’s agricultural market as well as its standards.
High levels of uncertainty
The WTO lowered its forecast for this year’s global trade growth to 2.6 percent from 3.7 percent on April 2, factoring in the rising trade tensions which emerged last year.WTO Director General Roberto Azevedo warned, “Trade cannot play its full role in driving growth when we see such high levels of uncertainty.”
Against this backdrop, Zhou Hua, a professor with the Shanghai-based Tongji University, said the disputes between the EU and the United States would have a domino effect, expanding negative impacts to other economies as well. The already slowing global growth will find it hard to withstand trade risks. A further deterioration in U.S.-EU trade relations or a tariff war would seriously undermine investor confidence and may worsen the world economy.
According to an analysis by the EC, a trade agreement between the EU and the United States to eliminate tariffs on industrial products by 2033 would increase EU exports to the United States by 8 percent,about 27 billion euros ($30.3 billion), and U.S. exports to the EU by 9 percent, about 26 billion euros ($29.2 billion). This may, to a certain degree, help solve the problems global trade faces.
Escalating trade frictions between the two sides will also affect the stability of transatlantic relations and their cooperation on international affairs, Wang Yong,a professor on international studies with Peking University, said.
整体来看，RJ版教科书与CM教科书有理数章节的例题素材选取具有一定的共性，即均是无背景的例题所占比重大，且无背景的例题均是有理数加减乘除运算等类的题目．另外，两版教科书有背景的例题中，均有一小部分例题只是为了有背景”而创设背景，例题的背景素材无实际意义．
Copyedited by Sudeshna Sarkar
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