WORTH THEIR WEIGHT IN GOLD
The Yangjiang Nuclear Power Station in south China's Guangdong Province
China's early nuclear energy developer looks back on the rocky road to self-reliance By Zhang Shasha
In China, there is a group of people who are collectively known as Gold Man. Like fictional superheroes Iron Man and Spider-Man, they are associated with super power, but instead of being its wielders, they are the guardians and strategists of the super power, which is nuclear energy.
In the late 1970s, after reform and opening up boosted development and triggered a demand for more energy, China embarked on developing nuclear power. In March 1981, the State Council, the cabinet, said the focus would be to support the national economy and improve people's lives by developing a diversified energy base.
The program of building nuclear power reactors started but since there was little knowhow at home, 115 young professionals with some knowledge of nuclear technology were sent to France and Britain in three batches to receive training in designing, building and running nuclear plants.
1.1.3 气胸或血气胸 由穿刺针误入胸腔刺破肺脏和/或锁骨下动脉所致，为严重并发症。气胸发生率为1.5%。
The one-year training program cost 1.3 million French francs ($260,000 at the then exchange rate) per participant on average. It was equal to the price of 60 kg of gold. That's how the group got their name Gold Man.
Chen Weizhong was one of the Gold Man family. He was 26 at that time and was in the second batch who went to France. Since then, he has played a continuous role in the development of nuclear energy in China.
Steeled under pressure
When Chen went to Xi'an Jiaotong University in northwest China's Shaanxi Province in 1982, he chose nuclear reactor engineering as his major because of a new development in the country. “At that time, I had no idea which major would have better prospects,” he said.
Despite the difficulties, the experience in France was critically important to the trainees' careers. “Since the Gold Man group was going to fill crucial positions after they came back to China, their experience was essential to the country's nuclear energy development as a whole,” Chen said.
“Currently, we have 47 nuclear energy operating units on the Chinese mainland, the third highest in the world,” Chen said. It means almost every year on average, a new unit is built. But since the construction cycle for one unit is normally five years, the actual development occurred in just eight to 10 years. “It was unparalleled speed,” he said.
When China began to mull developing nuclear energy, Deng Xiaoping, the chief architect of reform and opening up, suggested importing nuclear plants from France. At that time, however, a French plant cost $4 billion whereas China's foreign exchange reserves totaled just $167 million.
So the government decided to build the plants domestically and in 1982, the State Council announced that the first nuclear plant for commercial use on the Chinese mainland would be built in Guangdong.
Work on the Daya Bay Nuclear Power Station, about 55 km north of Hong Kong, started in 1987. It was a prime example of multilateral cooperation. Two investors, Guangdong Nuclear Power Joint Venture Co., (currently the China General Nuclear Power Corp. or CGN) and China Light and Power Holdings (CLP) came together to undertake the project. The reactor technology came from a French company, the construction was managed by another French company, and the equipment was British.
Despite the odd setback, China's nuclear energy development plan made progress and in 30 years, has reached its golden era from the Gold Man era.
While the CGN and the CLP jointly funded 10 percent ($400 million) of the project, the remaining 90 percent came from foreign loans, making it the biggest project involving foreign investment at that time. About 70 percent of the electricity the plant would generate was to be sold to Hong Kong to earn foreign exchange and repay the loans.
Chen was assigned to the CGN after graduation in 1986. A year later, when construction of the Daya Bay Nuclear Power Station started, he heard they may have an opportunity to study abroad. In preparation, the candidates began to take courses in nuclear technology and foreign languages under foreign instructors. Finally, there was a tough screening process and Chen found himself on the final list.
In France, Chen saw a real nuclear plant for the first time. “Every button on the instrument panels was unfamiliar,” he confessed.
“During the Daya Bay era, almost every single thing, even the tiles and telephones, was imported,” he recalled. When Phase I of the Ling'ao Nuclear Power Station, Chen's second assignment, started in 1994, some of the peripheral components were produced domestically but the core parts came from abroad and the localization rate was still low. However, when the Yangjiang Nuclear Power Station started in 2007, the average localization rate had reached 83 percent and almost 85 percent of the core parts were made domestically.
Language was another big challenge. “I was in an unfamiliar environment where I had to talk with some 20 French people to understand the procedures. There was no one to turn to for help,” Chen said.
When he left for the training, his child was just 6 months old. “It was hard to stay in touch with my family,” he said. “Long-distance calls cost 20 francs ($4) per minute.” He remembers feeding coins one by one into the public phone's coin slot to keep the conversation with people at home going. “Most families in China did not have telephones, so they had to calculate the time difference between China and France and bother a neighbor, who had a phone.”
On the other hand, the Gold Man family made new friends among their French instructors and colleagues. Chen remembers exchanging cooking recipes in their spare time. “The French like Chinese dishes, and they were willing to help us,” he said jokingly.
“S真是疯了。我不喜欢‘女人身上的小路’这样的说法。女人也许需要男人或爱情，但绝不是什么道路，更不需要践踏。”
A meticulous witness
Even after his return to the Daya Bay Nuclear Power Station, things did not become easier. Apart from routine work like devising operating and safety programs, Chen had to instruct the technicians on site and they encountered unforeseen difficulties. “Although we learned a lot in the past year, it was still brief and we lacked experience,” he said.
Once, the engineering team installed a piece of equipment and the production team had to ensure everything was fine so that it could start working. Chen found himself at a loss over what to do.
在此次上交所公布的纪律处分决定中，上交所主要指出了孔德永、黄有龙、赵薇、赵政在履行信息披露义务方面的违规行为，包括未充分提示终止风险，对市场和投资者产生严重误导，筹资计划和安排存在虚假记载重大遗漏；未及时披露与金融机构未达成融资合作的情况等。上交所做出的纪律处罚决定为：公开认定孔德永、黄有龙、赵薇、赵政5 年内不适合担任上市公司董事、监事、高级管理人员，并予以公开谴责。
“In France, we didn't go through this stage as we worked in mature plants and not units under construction,” he explained. So the French experts had to be called in for assistance.
令表示参与者1选择fi作为自身策略的概率,表示参与者2选择作为自身策略的概率。参与者1的支付则可以表示为
采用SPSS20.0软件进行统计学分析，计数资料率（%）表示，组间比较采用卡方检验，检验水准（α）为0.05.
The university was admitting 10 students from his province, Guangdong in south China, that year and half of the reserved seats were for his major. “We heard the government was planning to develop nuclear energy and build nuclear plants,” he said. His high school teacher advised him to go for it.
“A nuclear power industry is taking shape absorbing the advanced experience of other countries and in conformity with China's national situation,” Zhang said. “In the future, we will continue to depend mainly on our own efforts while carrying out international cooperation to introduce advanced and proven nuclear power technology, and promote self-reliance in designing and localization in equipment manufacturing to attain the planned objective.”Chen has been a witness to and participant in this nuclear self-reliance, contributing his expertise to Daya Bay and two more nuclear plants, both in Guangdong.
自“三公消费”设限和“八项规定”等倡导勤俭节约的政策实施以来，餐饮、高端酒店业等市场受到了明显冲击。广西的酒店业整体经营数据全线下滑，企业整体经营困难，四星级酒店和五星级酒店平均出租率和平均房价呈现下降趋势，酒店营业利润减少。在此背景下，一些四星级酒店和五星级酒店主动“弃星”，低星级酒店或非星级酒店对评定高星级的积极性不高。此外，尽管自治区、部分地市、县（市、区）出台了针对星级酒店的奖励政策，但是补助资金不高，落实不到位，难以调动酒店评星的积极性。
Chen Weizhong (right) talks with a worker at the Yangjiang Nuclear Power Station on September 11
The past 30 years have seen nuclear energy technology in China experience leapfrog development. At a conference on nuclear power in Paris in 2005, Zhang Huazhu, then Chairman of the China Atomic Energy Authority, described the progress, saying a fairly complete nuclear industrial system had been formed, from uranium ore mining and uranium conversion to designing plants, manufacturing equipment and operation management.
Each Chinese trainee was assigned to a specific position. Chen was a control room operator. “The training was immensely different from college education in China. We had to learn things on our own and clear our doubts,” he recalled. “I went to work with the French instructors during the day to learn practical operation by observation and inquiry. At night, I had to learn theories, prepare questions for the next day and write reports on what we learned. We also had examinations every two weeks. It was a packed schedule.”
The HPR1000 nuclear reactor, designed at home, has nearly 90 percent localization and is part of China's foreign cooperation drive in nuclear power. The design is in use in Pakistan and has been included in cooperation plans with nearly 20 countries, including the UK and other Belt and Road participants.Chen is now general manager of the
在安全要求等级较高的应用系统中，用户的权限会被严格划分，并且按照最小需求权限进行分配可操作资源，并且系统一般会禁用或者不存在最高权限的用户。例如，网络安全等级保护要求下的三员设置，存在系统管理员，安全保密管理员以及安全审计员等标准角色，各个角色的不能互相访问其对应的资源。将JWT 应用于RESTful API 权限进行验证，需要对资源对象的访问规则进行定制以及对JWT 进行内容和加密方式改进。
Yangjiang Nuclear Power Co. Ltd., a subsidiary of CGN. He is no longer the young man who did not know what sort of career his nuclear major might lead to but an expert with a leading role in China's nuclear energy development. One important thing the Gold Man
应用科学、有效的血栓风险评估工具，对下肢深静脉血栓形成的风险进行准确的评估，是护理人员筛选高危人群、实施预防的先决条件。
learned in France is precision, which they have drummed into the Chinese apprentices they trained when they came back. “Nuclear safety is our top priority,” Chen said. He emphasizes the culture of safety and precision at the Yangjiang Nuclear Power Base. The other two keywords are dedication and commitment.
“Today, it is easy to construct a nuclear power plant in five or six years as the knowledge can be acquired and the experience accumulated. But its operation and maintenance will last over decades, which requires the inheritance of a nuclear culture and technological innovation,” he said.
(Reporting from Guangdong Province )
Copyedited by Sudeshna Sarkar
Comments to zhangshsh@bjreview.com
1.5.2 中医证候分级量化标准 参考《中医病证诊断疗效标准》［6］、2012年版《中医儿科常见病诊疗指南》［7］、《中药新药临床研究指导原则》［8］制定。①主症：排便间隔时间延长、大便干结、排便困难分别赋0、2、4、6分，大便失禁按无、有，分别赋0、4分；②次症：脘腹胀满赋0、1、2、3分，不思乳食、口臭、恶心呕吐、口渴、烦躁、夜眠不安按无、有，分别赋0、1分。舌脉（指纹）不计分。