Broader Connections
By Penbalhamu
Tibet Autonomous Region’s economy looks outward for development
Historically, Tibet in southwest China was an important gateway and hub of trade and cultural exchanges between China and South Asian countries. However, the crossborder trade gradually dwindled to Tibetan livestock products, agricultural products such as rice, tea and byproducts, and other commodities like silk, ceramics, spices and handicraft items.
To give greater momentum to the economy of Tibet Autonomous Region, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Commerce and the National Development and Reform Commission jointly issued a white paper in 2015, Vision and Actions on Jointly Building Silk Road Economic Belt and 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road, detailing how to integrate the southwestern region of China with the Belt and Road Initiative and make full of the former’s geographic and resource advantages.
The white paper suggested that trade,tourism and cultural exchanges between the autonomous region and the countries bordering it, like Nepal, should be promoted.
The same year, the Central Government held a symposium on Tibet affairs, which stressed that agriculture and animal husbandry with Tibetan characteristics should be developed as well as a processing industry to invigorate trade and commerce and make Tibet an important channel for China’s opening up to South Asia.
Sustainable growth
In recent years, the Central Government has made more efforts to improve the livelihoods of the people. Over 70 percent of the annual fiscal revenue is earmarked for projects to improve people’s lives, covering medical care,education and employment. At the same time,the construction of infrastructure and public service facilities in the border areas has been stepped up.
1）发育枝（营养枝或生长枝）顶芽和侧芽都是叶芽，叶芽萌发后抽枝展叶。可利用幼树营养枝培养形成骨干枝，搭建树体骨架，为早期丰产打下基础。
国际间立法的不协调突出表现在实体法上对网络恐怖主义的界定、网络恐怖主义犯罪的类型等关键问题上规定不一，如在国际合作中常见的对犯罪嫌疑人的引渡，需要符合双重犯罪的条件，国家间对网络恐怖主义认识存在的分歧，会出现一国认为构成犯罪但在另一国却没有触犯本国法律的情况。［18］为了有效促进国际合作反恐的落实，有必要根据相关国际条约、规则来制定或修改关于网络恐怖主义的相关规定。如此，一个国家的国内立法才能有与国际层面治理网络恐怖主义的法律体系相协调，和其他国家的法律协调性也才会逐步提高，可以说，国际合作的实际效果跟国内立法的落实程度直接相关。
A Nepalese dealer (right) talks with customers at the Fourth China Tibet Tourism and Culture Expo on September 11, 2018
The Lhasa-Xigaze Railway starts operation on August 15, 2014
With the support of the Central Government and the assistance from the rest of the country, the economy of Tibet has seen robust progress. Regional GDP has maintained 10-percent growth, reaching 140 billion yuan($20.86 billion) in 2018. The social fixed assets investment has kept up a 20-percent growth rate. The urban per-capita disposable income of the autonomous region is 30,000 yuan ($4,470),enjoying 10-percent growth for years, while that of rural residents is more than 10,000 yuan($1,490), registering 13-percent growth.
With the implementation of various policies to support agriculture and farmers, the industrialization rate of agriculture and animal husbandry is 42 percent, which has increased production. In 2018, Tibet’s grain output exceeded 1 million tons, with barley harvests accounting for 814,000 tons.
Border trade has shown stable development with a trade volume of 4.8 billion yuan($715 million) in 2018.
Tourism industry revenue reached 49 billion yuan ($7.3 billion), up 29.2 percent in 2018 alone. A three-dimensional transportation network, consisting mainly of highways and supplemented by railways and aviation, has been established. Water resource development and utilization has been promoted. In 2018,Tibet produced 870 million kwh of electricity and signed contracts with 14 provinces and cities to transmit power.
The annual allowance for border residents has been raised to 3,700 yuan ($551) or 3,500 yuan ($521) per person, according to the categories of villages and towns they live in. In addition, the border towns are being fully covered by telecommunication signals and major transport links.
研究结果显示，不同国别的知名辩手在模拟英国议会制辩论中的首相开场白部分分享一定的规律，涵盖五个论辩要素，包括问题描述、己方立场、解决方案、己方论点预览和己方解决方案的不足和防范措施。
Greater interconnection
The autonomous region has also opened its door to various exchanges with neighboring countries with the advancement of the Belt and Road Initiative and the prosperity of China’s economy. The exchanges vary from tourism,education and sports to film and television.They enrich Tibetan culture, boost its economic development and resonate with Chinese President Xi Jinping’s proposal to build a community with a shared future for humanity.
Another railway section is also under construction. The Xigaze-Yadong line will run from Xigaze to Yadong, a county in Tibet near the Indian border state of Sikkim.
Aviation links between the autonomous region and Nepal were strengthened in 2014 with the launch of the China-Nepal joint venture Himalaya Airlines, where Tibet Airlines is the Chinese investor.
In 2017, 6 billion yuan ($894 million) was allocated for projects to enrich the border areas and the lives of residents. In 2018, construction projects to build over 2,000 km of roads were implemented as a step to build a moderately prosperous society.
In 2016, cross-border freight service improved considerably with the Guangzhou-South Asia freight train carrying goods from Guangzhou, capital city of south China’s Guangdong Province, to transit station in Tibet.From there the consignments were carried by road to Kathmandu.
在游客为景区带来经济利益的同时，我们应该适当对游客进行奖励，这种奖励也可以成为一种营销方式，景区可以以微信、微博等自媒体软件邀请游客参与互动，进行一些转发、竞答、建言献策，对于参与度高的游客，给予一定的物质奖励，这样不仅提高了游客对于景区的兴趣还可以方便景区了解目标客群的不同需求，从而促进景区的营销模式升级，增加景区的访问量。
The Sichuan-Tibet Railway, to be completed in 2025, and the Yunnan-Tibet Railway will further strengthen China’s overland border route to South Asia.
People-to-people exchanges
Tibet has widened its opening up under the Belt and Road framework. To connect with South Asia, land ports such as the Gyirong,Yadong and Burang ports have been opened and comprehensive bonded zones are being built in Lhasa, capital city of the autonomous region, and Xigaze, another major city. The nearly 2,000-km Qinghai-Tibet Railway running from Xining, capital city of northwest China’s Qinghai Province, to Lhasa was expanded to Xigaze in 2014 as preliminary preparation for building a cross-country railway, the China-Nepal Railway. The completed railway will connect Lhasa to Kathmandu, capital of Nepal,passing through Gyirong and Xigaze in Tibet.Construction of the Xigaze-Gyirong section of the railway is underway.
In 2018, the Fourth China Tibet Tourism and Culture Expo (Tibet Expo) as well as the China-South Asia Standardization Forum were held. The Tibet Expo had various forums for extensive external exchanges and cooperation, such as the Trans-Himalaya Belt and Road International Cooperation Forum and the Third Pole of the World Tourism and Culture Summit,which was attended by a delegation from Nepal led by Krishna Bahadur Mahara, speaker of the lower house of parliament.
其中，是时刻t时相关矩阵C的估计。我们可以使用指数加权或者滑动加窗的来估计。其中，关于的最简单的选择就是在最小均方算法中的。因此，信号子空间的表达式可更新为：
Ambassadors of Nepal and Sri Lanka to China also attended the event.
High-level visits to and from Tibet have become frequent. In 2015, Nepal’s President Ram Baran Yadav visited the autonomous region. A Sri Lankan delegation came to visit the autonomous region in 2018.
虽然个人理财产品种类已经非常多，但是仔细比较各种理财产品可以发现，理财产品之间内容相似，储蓄、保险、基金的组合简单重复，各个理财产品之间存在非常严重的同质性问题[4-6]。这一问题一方面是由于我国相关的专业人才匮乏，创新能力差；另一方面是由于我国可供投资的金融衍生品相对匮乏，例如股指期货、期权等产品数量较少，且投资受到限制。
The political exchanges have facilitated cultural interactions. In 2017, a culture exchange group of China consisting of Tibetologists,Living Buddhas and members of the cultural department of Tibet Autonomous Region paid a three-day visit to Sri Lanka. During the 13th Five-Year Plan (2016-20) of China, Tibet is utilizing its advantages and opportunities to open further. Combining the dual tasks of ensuring development and maintaining stability, its participation in the construction of the Belt and Road Initiative includes connecting with the Bangladesh-China-India-Myanmar Economic Corridor, the regional initiative for greater trade and investment integration, since it shares part of its border with India and Myanmar. The autonomous region also plans to construct a Trans Himalaya Economic Belt that will connect India, Nepal and parts of China.
At the same time, Tibet is sprucing up its industries and their capacity and shoring up residents’ skills for better utilization of resources,industries and capital so that the goal of industrial transformation and upgrading is fu lfilled.
The author is deputy director of the Nanya Institute, Tibetan Academy of Social Sciences
Copyedited by Sudeshna Sarkar
Comments to zanjifang@bjreview.com
标签：Broader论文; CONNECTIONS论文; AUTONOMOUS论文; Region’s论文; ECONOMY论文; the Nanya Institute论文; Tibetan Academy of Social Sciences论文;