这张图表给我们带来了什么?江苏高考新试题“任务型阅读”复习策略研究_任务型阅读论文

图表能给我们带来什么启示?——谈江苏高考新题型“任务型阅读”的复习策略,本文主要内容关键词为:江苏论文,图表论文,给我们带来论文,启示论文,策略论文,此文献不代表本站观点,内容供学术参考,文章仅供参考阅读下载。

任务型阅读是江苏省2008年高考中新增加的题型,它要求考生根据阅读文章提供的信息,用恰当的词语完成与短文相关的图表,并有一定字数的限制。该题型中的图表题,已不同于传统阅读理解中的选择题,它融合了词汇、语篇、结构等多个层次的要求,实际上是对阅读信息的二次加工过程,更注重英语知识的综合应用。那么这样的图表题能给我们在任务型阅读复习上带来什么启示呢?笔者根据图表题呈现的特点,给学生做了如下几方面的训练,使学生应对任务型阅读题型的水平得到了一定的提高。

一、文章结构和体裁训练

很多学生在刚开始做任务型阅读题时,不知道如何下手,显得很茫然。他们按照以往的经验,先阅读文章后看图表,在对图表不熟悉的情况下反复在文章与图表之间来回寻找和比对,这往往导致理解的不全面。教师要教会学生认识图表,读懂图表,利用图表整体感知文章,了解文章的编排设计;让他们懂得图表与文字材料的表达意图是相同的,但与文字材料相比,图表的表现形式更加简洁、清晰、直截了当。在平时的阅读教学中,教师一方面要训练学生用图表把文章的结构清晰地勾勒出来;另一方面要训练学生分辨和熟悉不同文章体裁的结构,当再次遇到体裁相同的文章时,会从类似的角度去阅读,避免盲目性。不具备篇章知识的读者是很难讲究阅读效率的(胡春洞等,1998)。高中英语教材中的阅读材料体裁各异,但从文章的写作方式看,则以记叙文、说明文和议论文为主。记叙文又分为人物传记和故事。每一种体裁的文章都对应着相应的结构图式。如:

笔者在教《牛津高中英语》(译林版)M7U3 The effects of the internet on our lives一文时,先让学生根据文章标题预测体裁,然后指导他们利用图表归纳文章pros部分的结构:

完成这部分的图表归纳后,教师可以提问学生:“How do you think the writer will organize the‘cons’part?”鼓励学生预测和归纳文章cons部分的结构:

在教学中,除了设计常用的表格形式外,还可以把结构设计成蜘蛛图、条形图、流程图、树状图等。有学生把上面的cons部分结构设计如下:

通过这样的训练,学生逐步学会通过图表把握文章的整体框架,对不同体裁的文章知道从哪儿下手,解题更有针对性。

二、阅读策略训练

任务型阅读中的图表提供的信息具有很好的层次性和条理性,它有利于学生将自上而下的阅读和自下而上的阅读相结合,有利于学生进行快速阅读、理解大意、分清文章中的事实和观点、推理判断及了解作者意图等。根据这一特点,教师可以鼓励学生克服思维定势和阅读习惯的影响,加强对某些阅读策略的运用。

1.扫跳读

学生阅读之前,教师可以提醒学生没有必要逐词逐句地阅读文章,可以根据图表的提示,用扫跳读来整块地理解文本的部分。在一部分一部分整块地理解文本时,用尽可能多的文字信息验证自己对图表信息的判断。还是以The effects of the internet on our lives一文为例,笔者为学生设计了如下任务型阅读的内容:

首先,学生利用图表提供的线索(如图表中的列标题或行标题等),分析图表的结构和内容:即一个论点(pros)、两个论据(arguments)、与每个论据有关的支持细节(supporting facts)、一个结论(conclusion)。然后,学生通过扫跳读在文中找出段落主题句或关键词,区分哪些是段落的主要内容,哪些是支持细节,并定位它们在文中的具体位置。如第一个论据在第二、三段,第二个论据在第四段;(3)(4)空分别在第二段的前半段和后半段,(5)(6)空在第三段的后半段,(7)(8)空分别在第四段的前半段和后半段等。

2.关联词

图表中所列信息之间是没有关联词的,但我们在区分和定位文中段落主要内容和支持细节时会碰到这些词。教师要提醒学生注意这些词的功能,因为它们有利于学生理解语篇中此事件与彼事件之间的关系、整个语篇的意义以及作者的观点等。在教学中,教师可以向学生介绍一些具有篇章纽带作用的关联词语,如表示转折关系的in,fact/as s matter of fact,on the contrary,表示列举的for example/instance,to name a few,表示解释、说明的 that is to say,in other words,表示对比的on the one hand,on the other hand,表示递进的what is more,worse still,表示归纳、总结的in conclusion,to sam up,in a word等。训练学生掌握这些关联词的形式可以多种多样,可以设计一些选择题,如:The hurricane damaged many houses and businesses,____,it caused 20 deaths.A.however B.though C.therefore D.moreover;也可以提供一篇短文,去掉关联词,让学生填。如:To start with,I understand your problems well.I have the same problem as you.Parents love their children,however,they don' t understand them.That' s how problems come about.In my opinion,on one hand,keep calm and don' t get angry with your father when he doesn' t listen to you or shouts at you.Above all,don' t refuse to listen to him although you don' t agree with what he says.You can tell him that you want to do things in a different way because you are a big boy now and can make your own decisions.On the other hand,you should know that they love you.So don' t hurt them or upset them.In a word,do spend some time with them every day.I' m sure they'll feel happy and proud of you.

三、词意表述训练

有时,图表中的句子结构与原文中的句子结构相比是不同的。这就要求学生根据句子结构的变化,用不同的词形,或者用另外一个具有相同意义的词来进行表达。很多学生在填词的过程中,往往照搬原文中的词进行填写,结果错误率很高。以2008苏南四市“一模”英语试卷中的任务型阅读题为例:1)… imprinting upon my mind the outward evidences of the beauty…→…she would never (72)forget the evidences of…2) My eyes would rest respectfully on the books…→Fix her eyes with (74) respect on the books…3)…my path would lie close to a farm so that I might see the patient horses…→Walk (76) past/on a farm,see the patient horses…4)I should the double delight of being able to see by artificial light…→Experience the double delight of being able to see,(78) helped by man-made light等, Find these new words and expressions in以上所填入的词很难在原文中直接找到。针对这种情况,笔者采取了词意匹配、猜测和句子转换等训练形式,旨在提高学生词意的表述能力,而不是仅仅停留在中文层面上。

1.词意匹配

在阅读教学中,教师可以结合词汇教学进行词意匹配训练。例如,笔者在教The effects of the internet on our lives一文时,结合文章阅读给学生布置了如下任务:Find these new words and expressions in the text and then match them with the correct meanings.

1.packages(line 8 )

2.downtown(line 11)

3.sceptical(line 14)

4.frequent(line 17)

5.drawbacks (line 33)

6.troublesome (line 33)

7.addicted (line 55)

8.handle(line 65)

A.having doubts about something

B.in the city centre

C.problems that make something seem not as good

D.causing a lot of problems over a long period

E.deal with

F.sets of things sold together

G.happening very often

H.unable to stop doing something

也可以结合句子提供的语境进行猜测词意的训练。如:

1) From the appearance (starting to exist) of wild goats in this area we know that the environment is improving.

2) In the final analysis (examination or consideration) I think our sympathy lies with the heroine of the play.

3)I look on it as an opportunity to acquire (get or gain) new skills.

4)She took a skeptical (doubtful)attitude to what we told her and hesitated to try it.

5)According to statistics in the newspaper,more than 30% of teenagers are addicted(unable to stop)to the Internet and ignore their studies.

6)The high price is the one major drawback(disadvantage or inconvenience) of the new system.

7)Little Tom is very troublesome(giving trouble or pain) and is often blamed for his bad behaviour.

2.句子转换

教学中,也可以通过改变句子结构,训练学生对相同意思进行不同方式的表达。如:

1) Personally,earning a large sum of money is not as good as living a happy life.→ As far as I' m concerned,earning a large sum of money doesn' t equal living a happy life.

2)One of the greatest benefits of Internet friendships is that different people share the same interests though they are of different ages and popularity.→What Internet friendships benefit people most is that different people are based on common interests in spite of the difference in age or popularity.

3)The most important thing you have to keen in mind while choosing the university is that the major should be the one you are really interested in.→The most important thing you have to remember while choosing the university is that you' re fond of the major.

4)Some scientists claimed that they had found a method to help people detect cancer in an early stage.→Some scientists claimed that they had found a method to aid people in early detection of cancer.

5)Great changes have taken place in our country in the past twenty years.→Our country has experienced/seen great changes in the past twenty years.

四、结束语

任务型阅读要求学生通过阅读文章完成图表中的内容,但图表反过来也可以培养学生搜集和处理信息的能力。《新课程标准》明确指出“要着重提高学生用英语获取信息、处理信息、分析和解决问题的能力”。应对任务型阅读这一新的题型,一方面,教师要教会学生解题时充分运用图表中所提供的相关信息;另一方面,在对学生进行解题训练时,要根据图表的特点,进行针对性的训练,切忌盲目地进行“题海战术”。学生只有掌握了正确的解题技巧,再加上有效的训练,才能很好地解答这一新题型。

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这张图表给我们带来了什么?江苏高考新试题“任务型阅读”复习策略研究_任务型阅读论文
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