浅谈英语阅读中的“三法”教学法_英语论文

浅谈英语阅读中的“三法”教学法_英语论文

浅谈“三三式”英语阅读教学法,本文主要内容关键词为:教学法论文,浅谈论文,三三论文,英语阅读论文,此文献不代表本站观点,内容供学术参考,文章仅供参考阅读下载。

培养和提高学生的阅读理解能力,始终是英语教学的一个重点。然而,很多人认为,要提高学生的阅读理解能力,老师只须收集整理大量庞杂的文章打印成册,发给学生,进行高强度、大密度的训练就行了。其实,这样做并不科学。过多过杂的阅读材料只能使学生陷入书山题海之中,费时不少,不得要领,收效甚微。进行高强度、大密度的训练固不可少,但绝不能盲目。老师应该依据不同的教学阶段,依据学生整体的素质水平来选择难度适宜的文章,按计划按步骤地进行系统的练习,把各种知识融汇贯通在阅读指导上,传授给学生。

笔者通过十几年的英语教学实践,本着“循序渐进,讲练结合,归纳总结,培养能力”的教学法,摸索出了:“三三式”阅读教学法——即三个环节和三个步骤,以三个环节贯穿三个步骤、三个步骤强化三个环节。具体说来,三个环节就是一走,二看,三回头。一走指摸索走出正确的路子,即采取什么方法去读,如何去读,用什么技巧。二看不仅指用眼看,还指用心“看”,用心去认真思考,针对不同体裁的文章,根据不同的阅读目的,选用最合适的方法和技巧,迅速有效地获取自己所需的信息。三回头就是指经过大量练习之后,归纳总结,查缺补漏,看学生是否真正掌握了所学的方法和技巧。以上三个环节相互联系,缺一不可,而且贯穿着三个步骤的始终。每走一步,必须通过这三个环节,以取得较理想的效果。

这里的三个步骤是围绕培养和提高学生阅读理解能力而进行的:

第一步:用较浅显、易懂的文章进行初中级阅读训练,主要是教给学生如何抓段落大意和文章大意,寻找或总结出文章的主题句(topicsentence),以及如何通过上下文和词的构成来分析生词的涵意等等。同时,培养学生正确的阅读方法和习惯,让他们掌握一定的阅读技能。

第二步:选择有一定难度、深度的文章大量练习,教给学生如何从错综复杂的信息中抓关键信息,进一步阐述用综合、判断或归纳等技巧和方法综合大意、作出结论、以及如何区分主要内容和细节,了解作者的意图和观点。

第三步:选择有相当难度、深度的文章,进行高级阅读训练,把重点放在启发学生对文章进行独立思考和分析评论上,帮助他们养成边阅读边分析的良好习惯。

千里之行,始于足下。教师一定要做好第一步的工作。因为刚开始,学生才入大学,英语水平参差不齐,差距很大,而且普遍感到英语难学。那么应该首先培养他们学习英语的信心和兴趣。所选择的阅读材料也应浅显、有趣一些,生词密度要低,象简短的小故事、小幽默和科普文章等,让学生愿意读,而且基本能读懂,能做对后面的理解题。这样他们的信心和兴趣自然就有了。

在此阶段,老师应注意培养学生良好的阅读习惯,提高学生的阅读速度。由于中学英语注重语法和词汇教学,学生养成了一词一句仔细推敲的阅读习惯。拿过文章就逐词逐句默读,或用指指读,而且其注意力常集中于句法结构的分析和对个别词句、片言只语的理解,一叶障目,忽视了文章的中心思想及布局谋篇。这些不良的阅读方法和习惯势必大大制约着阅读效率。所以,教给学生正确的阅读方法和技巧非常必要。在第一阶段,教师应把阅读技能的训练重点放在跳读(scanning)和略读(skimming)上。跳读(又称快速寻读)旨在培养学生在规定的时间内从指定的阅读材料中,迅速准确地寻找有关细节和事实性信息或回答阅读理解题所需要的事实及依据的能力。略读(又称快速浏览),主要训练学生在规定时间内快速读完所给的材料,迅速准确地了解并抓住文章大意和主旨,让学生对文章有个总的概念和印象。若文章里有主题句(topic senten-ce),应飞速找出。在教做scanning练习时,要注意抓住五个“W”练。一般文章都包含这五大要素,而文章的大意、中心思想也往往掩藏在这五个“W”里。大量的跳读练习可以纠正学生不良的阅读习惯,使他们能逐渐把注意力放在文章里最关键的信息上,而不是单语片词上。细节注意到了,如何抓文章的主题,这就是skimming的任务。大量的略读练习,能使学生通过keywords,迅速总结出文章大意。据试验,跳读和略读间隔练习,效果更好一些。先练跳读,后练略读,再练跳读,这样一个循环一个循环地练,学生既能抓住文章的重要细节,又能总结出文章的主题,而且提高了阅读的速度。

下面选摘一篇短文,探讨一下具体的做法:John was driving home late one night when he picked up a hit-chhiker.On his way home,John checked to see if his wallet was safe in the pocket of his coat that was on the seat between them,but it wasn't there!He was suspicious of his passenger.So he slammed on the brakes,ordered the hitchhiker out,and said"Hand over the wallet immediately!"The frightened hitchhiker handed over a wallet,and John drove off.When he drove home he started to tell his wife about the experience,but she interrupted him,saying,"Before I forgot,John,do you know that you left yourwallet at home this morning!"针对此类文章,老师可先设计几个scanning练习,例如:

(1)Why did John checked his coat?

(2)What did John do when he found his wallet wasn't there?

(3)What did his wife say when he told her about the experience?

寥寥几道scanning练习题,把文章最重要的细节展露无遗。老师引导学生抓住这些细节之后,再来几个skim-ming练习,例如:What can we learn from this passage?

(A)We can judge person quickly.

(B)We aretoo quick to judge a person.

(C)How important it is not to jump to conclusion!

(D)How important it is to jump to conclu-sion!

这道题实则是让学生找出文章的中心思想(main-idea)。这是篇小故事,没有topic sentence。学生只有根据文章所提供的具体细节进行分析,归纳出中心思想。据此,老师要循循善诱,引导学生用scan-ning练习中提供的重要信息,进行判断总结,选出正确答案C。最后,老师不妨用游戏或竞赛的方式再做几个简单的猜词练习,象推测hitchhiker,suspic-ious,interrupt等词的意思,为第二阶段的学习打下基础。

此外,在第一阶段,教师还要注意精泛合理结合,统筹安排。精读侧重词语、句子和段落的理解,培养学生根据语境(context)推测词义的能力和通过关键词理解句子含义,通过关键句理解段落和文章大意,以及如何分析文章的层次结构及各段落之间的逻辑关系、段落的种类、段内关系和段落的组织。文章分析宜精。泛读侧重于阅读速度和技巧的训练,采取的方法宜是课上阅读与课下阅读相结合,即部分材料由教师指导在课上完成,大部分材料留给学生课下独立完成,教师定期进行检查、督促和指导。

经过第一阶段的阅读训练,学生已形成了良好的阅读习惯,掌握了正确的阅读方法和一些阅读技巧,词汇量扩大,解词断句与分析文章的能力都有较大提高,英语基础更加牢固,接下来教师应进行第二阶段的训练,提高阅读材料的难度、深度,选择诸如较难的叙述文、说明文及议论文等。同时进一步深化阅读技巧,训练如何猜测词义,如何找关键词(key words),如何找出隐含的意思(implied mea-ning)并作逻辑推理,揭示“弦外之音”等等。对于这些技巧,教师应分门别类进行系统地、有针对性地练习。例如如何猜测词义,最常见的方法是根据文中所给的线索进行猜测,如:He picked up a heavy encyclopedia from the bookshelf。即使不知道encyclopedia的确切含义,学生也可猜出它一定是本非常厚的书,因为它很重且放在书架上。此外,还可以根据上下文来推测,如:Unlike his father,who was quite friendly,Jack was quite standoffish.假如你不认识standoffish,不妨猜一下。Jack的父亲很友好和善,既然Jack不像他父亲,那他应该是不友好的,冷漠的。所以standoffish一定是unfriendly的意思。当然还有其它猜词的方法,象根据构词法、同义词或反义词等。教师把这些方法整理出来,通过专题练习的形式逐一传授给学生。然后再进行高强度、大密度的综合练习。这样学生的阅读理解能力必然有较大的提高。

现在以一篇阅读理解文章,进行简单的分析。

A breakthrough in the provision of energy from the sun forthe European Economic Com-miunity(EEC)could be brought forward by up to two decades,if a modest inerease could be provided in the EEC's research effort in this field,according to the senior EEC scientists engaged in experiments in solarenergy at EEC's scientific laboratories at Ispra,near Milan.

The senior West German scientist in charge oftheCommunity's solar energy programme.Mr.Joachim Gretz,toldjournalists that at present level of research spending it wasmost unlikely that solar energy would provide as much asthree per cent of the Community's energy requirements evenafter the year 2,000.But he said that with a modest increasein the present sums,devoted by the EEC to this work it waspossible that the breakthrough could be achieved by the endof the next decade.

Mr.Gretz calculates that if solar energy only provided three per cent of the EEC's,this could still produce a saving of about a billion pounds in the present bill forimported energy each year.And he believes that with the possibility of utilizing more advanced technology in this field it might be possible to satisfy a much bigger share of the Community's future energy needs.

At present the EEC spends about s2.6 millions a year on solar research at Ispra,one of the EEC's official jointresearch centers,and another s3 millions a year in indirect research with universities and other independent bodies.

26.The phrase"be brought forward"in Line 2 most probablymeans…….

A.be advancdC.be expected

B.be completedD.be introduced

27.Some scientists believe that a breakthrough in the use ofsolar energy depends on…….

A.advanced technology

B.further experiments

C.sufficient funding

D.well-equipped laboratories

28.According to Mr.Gretz,the present sum of money will enablethe scientists to provide…….

A.less than 3% of the EEC's needs before

the year 2000

B.3% of the EEC's needs before the year

2000

C.a little more than 3% of the EEC's needs after the year 2000

D.only 3% of the EEC's needs even after

the year 2000

29.which of the following is Not true according to thepassage?

A.the desired breakthrough could be obta-ined by the endofnext decade if in-vestment were increased.

B.At the present level ofresearch spen-ding,it isdiffieult to make any significant progress in the provision energy from the sun.

C.The EEC spends one billion pounds onimported energy each year.

D.The total yearly spending of the EEC on solar energyresearch amounted to almost 6 million dollars.

30.The application of advanced technology to research in solarenergy…….

A.would lead to a big increace in research funding

B.would make it unnecessary to import oil

C.would make it possible to meet the future energy needsof the EEC

D.would provide a much greater propor tion of theCommunity's future energy needs

这篇文章属新闻报导体裁的叙述文,信息较庞杂。针对此类文章,应指导学生把注意力集中在数据和主要事实上,让其先审题,后读文章,迅速浏览全文之后再做题,以减少盲目性。针对细节题,运用scanning找出答案。对找中心思想等综合题,要运用skimming手法。象上面这篇文章,从27题至29题均属细节题,依据第一段第一句,特别是其中的关键词"research effort",27题应选A;依据第二段第一句,28题选D;29题应正确理解第三段第(下转第76页)

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浅谈英语阅读中的“三法”教学法_英语论文
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