张海杰 周晶
(河南省人民医院药学部 河南郑州 450001)
【摘要】消化性溃疡(peptic ulcer)主要指发生于胃和十二指肠粘膜的慢性溃疡,即胃溃疡(GU)和十二指肠溃疡(DU)。溃疡的形成与多种因素有关,如幽门螺杆菌感染、胃酸的侵袭、药物、遗传以及个人的饮食与生活习惯等因素,其中个人的饮食与生活习惯是极其容易被忽视却又十分重要而影响广泛的因素。本文旨在概述饮食与生活习惯对消化性溃疡的影响。
【关键词】消化性溃疡;吸烟;饮食;酒精
【中图分类号】R573.1 【文献标识码】A 【文章编号】1007-8231(2015)08-0230-03
【Abstract】Peptic ulcer, gastric ulcer (GU) and duodenal ulcer (DU), refers to chronic ulcers which occur in the stomach and duodenum mucosa. The formation of peptic ulcer is caused by a variety of factors, such as helicobacter pylori infection and gastric acid, drugs action, genetic and personal factors. Diet and living habits of the individual is extremely easy to be ignored but very important, affecting a wide range of factors. The following article is to overview the infulences of diet and living habits on peptic ulcer.
【Key words】 Peptic ulcer; Smoking, diet;Alcohol
消化性溃疡(peptic ulcer disease, PUD)是以胃肠道黏膜缺损为特点的一种临床常见疾病,由于胃液中的胃酸或消化性活性物质的作用,溃疡可能会持续存在。消化性溃疡的预后因人而异,轻则不经干预而自行缓解,重则会出现严重甚至会有死亡风险的并发症,如胃出血和胃穿孔。相对而言,消化性溃疡的发生率是很低的,这意味着胃黏膜有强大的修复机制。如果这些分泌性、防御性或修复性机制的功能异常存在,消化性溃疡可能就会发生。
大多数消化性溃疡是在某些因素[如幽门螺杆菌(Helicobacter pylori, H.pylori)感染或摄入非甾体类抗炎药(nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug, NSAID)]的作用下发生的,由于人口的日益老龄化以及阿司匹林和NSAID的使用,老年患者已经成为消化性溃疡的高危人群[1-4]。但H.pylori感染或应用NSAID,并不能解释全部的消化性溃疡的产生,消化性溃疡的病理生理学涉及遗传等多种因素[5-7],饮食与生活习惯对消化性溃疡也有重要影响。本文将综述饮食与生活习惯对消化性溃疡的影响。
1.吸烟
已有大量研究发现,吸烟与消化性溃疡具有显著相关性,且可加速消化性溃疡的进程[8-11],烟草可能通过刺激有些患者的基础胃酸分泌进而诱发消化性溃疡[12]。吸烟者更易发生消化性溃疡,且这种溃疡治疗起来更加困难,也更容易复发。在一项纳入了7624例日裔美国男性的前瞻性研究中发现:溃疡风险随着烟草使用量的增加而逐渐增加[13]。一项meta分析也发现:一般人群中吸烟的归因风险为23%[14]。
但由于人体有很强的自我修复功能,如果根除了H.pylori,吸烟也可能不再是溃疡复发的危险因素[15-16]。在一个研究中,对256例十二指肠溃疡(duodenal ulcer, DU)患者和31例胃溃疡(gastric ulcer, GU)患者在溃疡愈合且成功根除H.pylori后,进行了18个月的随访。研究发现:83例吸烟者中有3例溃疡复发(3.6%),而204例不吸烟者中有4例复发(2%),差异无临床意义。吸烟也不影响H.pylori感染的复发,该比率在吸烟者和不吸烟者中分别为4.8%和4.4%[15]。因此,在H.pylori根除前,吸烟是PUD的危险因素,但在H.pylori根除后则可能不是。
2.酒精
高浓度酒精可能会损伤胃黏膜屏障,可能引发急性胃黏膜病变,还可刺激胃酸的分泌[17]。此外,酒精滥用会影响患者的依从性及溃疡愈合[18],酒精饮料中除酒精之外的其他成分也可能刺激胃酸分泌。但尚无证据表明酒精摄入可引发或加剧慢性消化性溃疡[19,20],少量饮酒甚至可促进溃疡愈合[21-22]。总之,少量饮酒可能有利于溃疡的愈合,大量饮酒可能会延缓溃疡的愈合,甚至诱发新的溃疡。
3.饮食
很早以前人们就认识到饮食对消化性溃疡有一定的影响,饮食因素可能是消化性溃疡的重要影响因素之一。虽然某些食物、饮料和调料会导致消化不良,但由于影响因素众多,当前,尚没有明确的证据表明某些特定的食物可造成消化性溃疡、使溃疡迁延不愈或使之复发。
饮食因素是造成溃疡性疾病一些地域差异的原因,这可能与储存某些食物所产生的毒素或某些食物对粘膜的保护性作用有关。据报道以大米为主食的印度南部地区的十二指肠溃疡发病率明显高于以小麦为主食的北部地区[23]。动物研究提示:虽然新的精米和未碾大米均可针对有害物质(例如酒精)起到保护粘膜作用,但储存的米糠及其油会加剧黏膜损伤[24]。同样,非精制小麦或麦麸可保护粘膜不受损伤,但精致小麦和小麦胚芽无此作用。在南非,农村地区以自碾的玉米为主食,据报道,与城市地区相比其十二指肠溃疡的发生非常少见。动物研究表明:自碾玉米可针对十二指肠溃疡起到保护作用,但商业制造的加工玉米无此作用[25]。
其他饮食因素也可能具有保护性。一项研究发现:十二指肠溃疡患者的辣椒食用量明显低于对照组,产生假设即辣椒可能具有对抗损害因子的保护作用,这也许是通过激活黏膜适应性达到的[26]。
咖啡对许多人而言是胃酸分泌的强烈刺激因素并可导致消化不良,这往往是其促进食管反流造成的[27]。因为去咖啡因的咖啡并不能减少这些作用,故咖啡因并非唯一的影响因素[27]。尽管有这些观察结果,但尚无证据表明饮用咖啡是溃疡病的危险因素,但饮用量的增加可能导致H.pylori感染几率的增高[28]。在一项病例系列研究中,与对照组相比,咖啡可增加非溃疡性消化不良患者的消化不良症状,但对DU患者无此影响[29]。
此外,饮食中必需脂肪酸不足是十二指肠溃疡的一项致病因素,可能通过造成黏膜类前列腺素的消耗产生作用[30]。也有研究提示:饮食中多不饱和脂肪酸的增加有抵抗H.pylori的保护作用。这些学说的支持性证据仍不够牢靠。一项研究比较了含多不饱和脂肪酸的饮食和安慰剂对有H.pylori感染的消化性溃疡患者的影响[31],发现脂肪酸对H.pylori在胃部的定植和胃窦部位的前列腺素水平并无影响。与之相似,一项针对47,806例男性队列进行的前瞻性研究发现,摄入脂肪酸的类型和量与十二指肠溃疡风险无关联[32]。不过,摄入较多的水果、蔬菜、膳食纤维及维生素A可降低溃疡病的风险。
食物耐受不良在十二指肠溃疡患者及其他胃酸-消化性及功能性胃肠疾病患者中普遍存在。这些症状似乎反映了患者对食物中的成分较为敏感,但尚无证据表明这些成分与溃疡形成直接有关。食物耐受不良在一般人群中较为普遍,且变异性高,使得对该问题难以进行严格探究。虽然过去时常建议采取饮食控制,但尚无证据表明该法(例如清淡饮食)可促进愈合[33]。虽然少食多餐可减少胃部扩张的程度,但该做法却可更加持续地刺激胃酸分泌。睡前进食可刺激夜间胃酸分泌。
由于牛奶具有安抚性,故其曾是消化性溃疡的主要对症治疗方法,直到发现其可强烈促进胃酸分泌—这很大程度上是由其所含的钙和蛋白质造成的[34]。牛奶刺激分泌的胃酸多于其缓冲的胃酸,因此它并非有效的抗酸剂。不过,牛奶似乎可减轻大鼠的急性酸诱导性损伤[35],并可针对小鼠的巯乙胺诱导的急性DU起到保护作用[36],且饲喂4日后可减少大鼠的组胺刺激性胃酸分泌[37]。
人乳中含有可能具有保护性的因子,包括生长因子、具有表面活性的磷脂及前列腺素E2。因此,乳汁的抗溃疡作用可能超过了其对胃酸分泌的刺激作用。因此,尽管缺少相关的科学证据,但对于认为牛奶有益的患者,只要其能认识到该饮品尚无已知的治疗学获益,我们就不应劝阻其饮用之[38]。
结语
近年来,人们已经对饮食及生活习惯对消化性溃疡的影响做了一些研究但仍处于起步阶段,还有许多地方需要深入调查和提供数据证明。因此,有必要加强该方面的系统研究,能够早日拿出一份可靠的数据结论用于临床。
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论文作者:张海杰,周晶
论文发表刊物:《心理医生》2015年8期供稿
论文发表时间:2016/4/26
标签:溃疡论文; 胃酸论文; 消化性溃疡论文; 饮食论文; 因素论文; 患者论文; 作用论文; 《心理医生》2015年8期供稿论文;