Biggest Change In History
Martin Jacques is a senior fellow at the Department of Politics and International Studies, University of Cambridge. In this exclusive interview with China Focus, an online magazine published by the China International Publishing Group, he shares his views on issues ranging from the Belt and Road Initiative to China's development in the last 70 years and how the world has benefi ted from it. He also analyzes the Hong Kong situation. This is an edited version of the interview:China Focus: This year marks the 70th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China. What has been the biggest change in China over these seven decades?
Martin Jacques: I think the most remarkable change is the transformation in living conditions and the size of the Chinese economy, which is truly remarkable and the most extraordinary change in human history in such a short space of time. China is about a fifth of the world's population. So if China is very poor, obviously it will contribute very little to the global economy and possibilities for other peoples around the world.
But if China grows, then its importance to the rest of the world economically is transformed. Ever since 2008, China has been the biggest contributor to global economic growth. Whether China's growth slows down or increases, it has a direct effect on many economies around the world.
Martin Jacques
How do you view China's participation in global governance?
For a long time, China was outside the global system. But after 1978 when the reform and opening up was introduced and especially in 2001 when China joined the World Trade Organization, it became a participant in the process, though relatively passive. But it was still fi nding its way, concentrating on domestic development.
I think the turning point was around the time of the global financial crisis in 2008, when China made a really important contribution to ensuring there wasn't a global depression by staging its enormous stimulus program, which actually saved the global economy from something much worse.
1.2.5 严格控制碘的摄入量 对于甲状腺功能亢进患者来说，如果摄入碘过量会导致其临床症状加重，不仅如此，碘摄入还会对采取131I治疗患者的疗效产生抑制作用。因此，护理人员要严格控制患者的碘摄入量，并指导患者掌握碘含量较高食物的识别方法，并介绍常见的碘含量较高的食物，如海带、海鱼、海虾、海白菜、甘蓝、海藻、卷白菜、昆布、大头菜等。
And from that moment, I think China became more and more interested in the possibility of participating in the policies for the global economy. Ever since, with the Belt and Road Initiative and the founding of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, China has become a really serious player in these areas.
酒店前场功能区包括各类餐厅和会议区等区域，大开间区域通常采用集中送风空调系统，而小开间、包间和会议室等小空间通常采用风机盘管。
Europe has steadily become more enthusiastic and three countries in particular are involved—Greece, Portugal and now Italy. Western Europe, in particular the highlands like Germany, France and Britain are the biggest in terms of economic power. They all are being a bit iffy about the Belt and Road, and somewhat reluctant to get involved and endorse it, but not opposing it.
一般说来，一千位教师就有一千种讲课设计。宽泛地说，这些同文本的个案设计都算作是同课异构。但是我们并不能说同课异构是随心所欲地构造教学。无论怎样创造性地开展教学，也都离不开对文本内容、文本特征和教学手段最优化的考虑。
I would say that Europe's reaction in general to the Belt and Road Initiative has varied. What you have seen is Central and Eastern Europe who have been pretty enthusiastic and so you've got 17+1 (the cooperation platform comprising China and 17 Central and Eastern European countries with Greece being the latest entrant).
Italy became the first G7 country and the latest EU member to join the initiative. What is the attitude of other EU countries toward it? How do you think the UK views the initiative?
《特殊教育提升计划(2014-2016)》提出要鼓励特殊教育学校根据需要举办残疾人高中部(班)。习近平总书记在关于残疾人事业发展的重要讲话中指出：“残疾人是社会大家庭的平等成员，也是人类文明发展的一支重要力量”，聋人学生和正常孩子一样应该接受平等的教育，他们也应该了解并掌握信息技术知识，培养信息素养，这是贯彻党和中央关心支持特殊教育的要求，也是促进教育公平和社会公平的要求，因此该研究总结综述国内外听障学生微课资源的开发现状，以期为后续的听障学生资源的制作提出理论的指导。
The street violence in Hong Kong lasted several months. How do you view what is happening in the city?
I view it as very disappointing and depressing. Clearly, things are not going well in Hong Kong. And it's 22 years since the handover (from Britain to China). That's a long time.
An aerial photo of the Greek Port of Piraeus taken on January 16. The port, operated by Chinese shipping company COSCO, is a fl agship project under the Belt and Road Initiative
The reason that makes this issue very complicated is the 156 years of British colonialism. Hong Kong is Chinese in some senses, but in other senses it is Western, with Western norms and values. And that's a big challenge.
What would you suggest to end the chaos?
China used to be criticized by the Americans for not contributing public goods to the world. Now China is clearly contributing public goods on a large scale because the Belt and Road Initiative is by far the biggest scheme in the world in terms of helping, in particular, development.
Britain in some ways has been perhaps the most supportive, but I think politically, we have to wait and see whether the government is a supporter or not.
At the same time, I think that it also revealed some big challenges for the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government and the Chinese Central Government in terms of a reform program for Hong Kong, because it's clear that the society in some ways is stuck. How to move it on? I think there are a number of questions here.
I think the extradition bill worried a lot of people in Hong Kong. That's why you got issues. The proposal led to the huge demonstration. But in the back of this demonstration went all these violent gangs, engaging in behavior no modern society can tolerate.
在这个高速发展的时代，经济高速膨胀的市场下，提升竞争力将是一个企业生存下去唯一途径。同样的机械制造企业也不可避免，机械制造也将面临优胜劣汰的境遇，而想要在这种高强度的竞争中生存下来，唯有摒弃以往粗放化的生产方式，引进更加高科技的制造技术，使机械制造趋向更加精密的生产方式，生产更加精密的产品才能获得更加大竞争力。因此许多的机械制造企业引进高科技，将机械制造技术与纳米技术相互结合进而提高产品的精度，这种机械制造方式使得产品的精度可以控制在纳米的范围内，因此这项技术将会在现代机械制造工艺中得到广泛的应用。
One, it needs a serious social economic reform program to break the power of the tycoons who still dominate the economy. It's an oligopoly economy, not a free economy as is sometimes presented, and they control a large measure of the supply of land, thereby resulting in very high property prices.
The second point is that Hong Kong is a fantastically unequal society. It is one of the most unequal societies in the world. A lot of young people don't think they have opportunities； they'll never be able to own property in Hong Kong. So that question has got to be tackled. And Hong Kong has not had anything like the reform and opening up program and needs to have one. I think that can transform the way in which a lot of people in Hong Kong see the present situation. But by and large, it's been stuck and it needs to renew the whole approach.
1.2.2 排除标准 ①孕妇认知功能不正常，存在交流障碍；②孕妇存在有严重的疾病；③孕妇具有精神病史或者抑郁史。
I think the whole approach needs to be re-thought with a new kind of strategic ambition for Hong Kong and can combine that integration with the Greater Bay Area project (a regional development plan for integrated growth of Hong Kong, Macao and nine cities on the Chinese mainland). It is very important for Hong Kong. But it'll need to be done in a very thoughtful way because that could also lead to resentment. It could go both ways.
The fourth point I'm making is the importance of dialogue. The behavior of these young people is absolutely unacceptable. You can't just say go away because they won't. They're still in society and this is undermining society. So you need some kind of dialogue.
Copyedited by Sudeshna Sarkar
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