中非兄弟情
African Brother
文/马克·力文（Mark Levine，美） 译/史聪一
在历经了一年的象牙塔生活后，我搬离了曾经的校园，住进了北京的一条胡同。在这里，狭窄的胡同与四合院所构成的社区遐迩闻名，并有许多上了年纪的人世居于此。每当在胡同中漫步，无论走到何处，这些年长的人们都会向我致以问候，并亲切地询问我来自何方。
（1）控制的稳定性，对于路桥施工的整体结构必须具备较强的稳定性，稳定性的加强是公路与桥梁施工质量的基础。
我回答道：“南非。”
毋庸置疑，他们对我的回答报以微笑，并亲切地称呼我为“非洲兄弟”。
杨武亮等[11]对金缕梅科的半枫荷进行了原植物考证、植物形态、生药性状、显微特征及化学成分预试等方面的研究，同年彭余开等[12]也对半枫荷的根、茎、叶的性状特征及显微组织、粉末特征进行了详细描述，这些研究为半枫荷的品种鉴别、资源开发利用和临床用药提供了科学依据。
上述内容的演讲者、来自南非开普敦的鲁佑罗·斯雅克（Luyolo Sijake，中文名为天佑）于2013年初次踏足中国大地。此后，在2016—2018年的两年时间里，天佑在北京大学（燕京学堂）攻读硕士学位，主修“中国学”，专业方向为经济与管理。目前，他供职于一家跨国咨询机构，协助中国公司拓展国际业务，也帮助各国公司寻求在中国与亚洲发展业务。天佑表示：“我原计划在中国继续工作一年，但现在则希望重返非洲——或许不是南非，而是非洲其他国家，旨在帮助中国与非洲各国拓展交集。”
父亲的越野车叫“周恩来”
我与天佑邂逅于2018年的6月。彼时，新组建的中央广播电视总台旗下的“China Plus”，为纪念南非共和国与中华人民共和国建交20周年，正在组织一次特别的活动，名为“我的中国—南非故事”，来自中国和南非的友人们将分别讲述他们的故事。我负责浏览每位发言者的演讲稿，并为他们的演讲提供建议。在完成录制后的一个月，整个系列节目在南非国家电视台上播放。之后，完整的视频也被上传至“China Plus”的官方网站。
周三（2018年10月31日），森科尔能源公司公布第三季油砂产量最新数据为47.61万桶/天，主要受强劲的作业可靠性和现场生产记录推动。
正是通过这个节目，我第一次见到了天佑，并了解了他的故事。我发现了天佑对“遗产”这一词的运用，以及对“父辈”的提及。“当我的父亲在15岁那年加入非洲人民大会（非国大）起，他便加入了反抗种族隔离制度的大军。两三年后，父亲被提名加入非国大的军事组织‘民族之矛’，并接受训练。他曾前往坦桑尼亚与其他非洲国家，以及非洲之外的国家进行训练。”
“有时，父亲会与同志们相聚一堂，共同追忆其所经历的往事。随着他们走向年迈，这些故事或将失传的忧心常伴其左右，于是我便开始用拍摄记录这一切，其中一件事便是他们所驾驶的车辆遭到破坏：这是一辆全地形越野车，有人在后轴上做了手脚，造成了后轴脱落。随后，父亲便提出要请修理工人对‘周恩来’进行修复。”
群众的眼睛是雪亮的，假的真不了，真的假不了，党员干部与其煞费苦心地去弄虚作假，还不如脚踏实地埋头苦干，只有干出经得起检验的真成绩，才能真正收获人民群众的信任与口碑，树立党和政府的形象。
我们开始中非间关系的讨论，尤其是关于西方对中非关系的批判，包括美国前国务卿雷克斯·蒂勒森（Rex Tillerson）在2018年对中非关系的一些负面评论。伊恩说：“很多外国人并不明白这些批评基于意识形态，而非基于事实。”他给我推荐了一些书，包括黛博拉·布罗蒂加姆（Deborah Brautigam）的一些作品，她是约翰·霍普金斯大学高级国际研究学院（SAIS）的教授。
接着，天佑解释道：“后来父亲被俘，被关押至南非的罗本岛内。在推翻种族主义政府后，父亲得以释放，并加入军队：这也使他有机会数次前往中国。时至今日，父亲仍会谈及那些曾在中国度过的温情岁月。”
作为欧·亨利代表作品之一的《警察和赞美诗》早已进入了研究者的视野。无论是小说的人物形象还是小说的作品主题，就连对其语言特色也早都有研究者进行过分析。可惜的是，在其语言及相关问题的研究中，却存在着以下诸多的局限性：
或许，这可能仅是两国“兄弟情谊”的一个侧面，但却不是唯一的一面。
分子鉴定：提取藻株基因组DNA，利用特异性引物进行PCR扩增得到微藻18S rDNA片段，由图3可得，该片段大小约为1800 bp。
1949年10月1日中华人民共和国宣布成立。直至1971年，联合国通过了第2738号决议，中华人民共和国才被得以承认，正式成为在联合国代表中国的唯一合法代表，并被允许在联合国大会与安全理事会享有其合法地位。而距此约十年前，也就是1963年的年底，周恩来总理已对10个非洲国家进行了国事访问，并提出了中国支援非洲国家（及阿拉伯国家）的5项基本原则。
由图4可知，当加热温度为460 ℃时，薄壁铜管的延伸率随着保温时间的延长而变化不大，随保温时间延长存在轻微波动。当保温时间为30min时，延伸率为49%；保温时间为35min时，延伸率为51%；当保温时间增至40min时，延伸率稍有降低为50%；保温时间45min时，延伸率增至52%。但是，在保温时间为30min时，延伸率波动较大，为12%，这可能与该工艺条件下没有完全发生再结晶，存在部分变形组织有关，见图1（a）；在保温时间为35min、40min和45min时，铜管的延伸率波动仍较大，试样微观结构也存在部分变形组织，见图 1（b）、（c）、（d）。
基于中国对非洲国家具有历史性意义的援助，在联合国第2738号决议中投出赞成票的76个国家中，非洲国家的数量便达到了26个！因此，所有中国人都明白中国与南非之间的紧密联系，并能够迅速地回忆起毛主席曾经常挂在嘴边的一个词：“非洲兄弟”。这也能够解释：为何时至今日，天佑仍然能够听到这个词。
西方对中国在非投资的批判
The speaker is Luyolo Sijake who first came to China from Cape Town, South Africa in 2013. From 2016-2018 he studied for a Master’s Degree in China Studies with a concentration on Economics and Management at Peking University. He is currently working for a cross-border advisory organization assisting both Chinese companies interested in working in other countries and foreign companies seeking to establish themselves in China and Asia. “I am planning to stay in China for another year but I want to return to Africa, probably outside of South Africa, to help expand the connections between China and other countries in Africa. ”
“China Plus”组织的“我的中国—南非故事”活动现场
“‘周恩来’？当听到新中国第一位总理的名字被提及，我着实感到惊讶，并且对其与父亲的车子有何关联而感到困惑。父亲解释道：在反对种族主义政府的抗争中，周恩来代表中国，成为支持我们反抗的前锋力量。作为那次援助的一部分，中国方面提供了大批量的此类运输工具。但遗憾的是，没有人能够叫出这些车辆的名字，因为它唯一的标识便是无人知晓含义的汉字。所以，这些车辆便被命名为‘周恩来’。”
2015年，布罗蒂加姆在《外交政策》杂志上发表了一篇文章，彼时正值习近平主席刚刚结束对非洲各国的国事访问。她注意到，习主席承诺将会“发展中非关系”，以实现互利的伙伴关系，并承诺将用三年时间向非洲的发展促进项目提供600亿美元。在一篇名为《中国在非洲投资的五大误区》中，布罗蒂加姆指出：“媒体不断在重复关于中国参与非洲投资的五个最危险、也是最顽固的误区。”在此仅举三例。
Luyolo continues by explaining that later “my father was captured and imprisoned on Robben Island. Upon release after the defeat of the apartheid government, he joined the army and had a chance to come to China several times. He still talks about the warmth he felt when he was here.”
2018年12月，作者(左)、傅涵（右）与郝歌在尼日利亚大使馆，郝歌是一位尼日利亚歌手，在中国家喻户晓
非洲学生为什么选择在中国而不是美国学习？
2017年我认识了来自坦桑尼亚的扎卡里亚·米格托（Zakaria Migeto），他是一位社会学博士，同我一样，居住在中央民族大学的公寓楼里。2018年8月，我在上楼回家的途中恰巧遇到了正要出门的扎卡里亚。他说：“我最近正在撰写关于中非的历史关系。你知道坦赞铁路吗？当时的新中国仍旧一贫如洗，但却为我们与赞比亚免费修建了这条铁路。”坦赞铁路联通了坦桑尼亚和赞比亚，意在为地处内陆的赞比亚打通通向出海口的交通命脉，以此打破经济上对南非、罗得西亚（今津巴布韦）种族主义政权的依赖。
对于天佑而言，以他为缩影的在华非洲留学生并非个例。
之前，我已经认识了一些在中央民族大学学习的塞拉利昂或其他非洲国家的留学生。实际上，在中国的各个大学，非洲学生在国际学生中的比例已经从2003年的2%增长到现在的13%。该数据来自2017年6月美国有线电视新闻网络（CNN）网站上的一篇文章《非洲学生为什么选择在中国而不是美国学习》。
在不到15年的时间里，非洲在华留学生的数量增长了26倍——从2003年的不到2000人，增长到2015年的将近5万人。
联合国教科文组织统计研究所的数据显示，每年到美国和英国学习的非洲学生人数在4万人左右。而在2014年，到中国学习的非洲学生人数超过了英国和美国，成为非洲学生出国学习的第二大目的国，仅位列法国之后，后者每年的非洲留学生人数超过95000人。
坦白地讲，某些非洲留学生来华是因为中国相对廉价的学费，或是寄希望于日后能够在中国建立潜在的商业往来。但除此之外，在2015年中非合作高峰论坛上，中国承诺在2018年将会为3万名非洲留学生提供奖学金，这非常关键。
水治理中政府与市场不是相互排斥，而是互为补充的关系。以水权市场的发展为例，市场机制可以在水权再分配方面发挥重要作用，但是这离不开政府主导下的水权初始分配，也离不开政府为水权分配提供的一系列实施保障制度。只有当政府与市场发挥各自的比较优势，各司其职，互补协作，才有助于实现更高水平的水治理。世界银行在总结美洲水市场经验的基础上有如下结论：尽管利用市场再分配水以满足变化的需求，是水管理的一种重要的工具，但只是这个过程中的工具之一；它不能替代教育、公众信息、水文信息库、水权的行政和执行能力、有力的法律和制度框架；当得到所有这些方面支持的时候，市场过程才有助于水资源得到最高和最有价值的利用。
中国向国际学生提供各类不同的奖学金。扎卡里亚所参与的项目便是7个中国政府奖学金中的一种。此外，还有“一带一路”奖学金，以及其他各种形式的奖学金。而当初天佑来到中国，就是通过参加汉语桥大赛赢得了奖学金（包括机票）。
可视化结果如图8所示，可见两个算法都很好的识别出了属于各个物体的数据并聚在了一起，在结果的局部结构中，可以清晰的观察到对于同一物体由于拍摄角度变化而形成的旋转流形。ST-SNE在这个数据集可视化结果上的表现与BH-SNE相似。
中国的签证制度决定了大多数留学生在完成学业后不能继续留在中国。这也意味着中国正在为非洲培养一代学生。因此，与去法国、美国或英国的学生不同，来中国留学的非洲学生更有可能回到他们的祖国，并带去他们所接受的新兴教育与技能。
2018年9月初，中非合作论坛在北京举办。南非总统西里尔·拉马福萨是这次会议的联合主席，我第一次见他还是在近30年前，在加利福尼亚的帕罗奥多。他在发言中说，中国不但没有在非洲采用殖民的方式，而且还帮助了非洲大陆的发展。他说，“中国是非洲国家值得信赖的伙伴，将帮助非洲实现非洲联盟《2063年议程》”，这个议程是指导非洲实现五十年发展的框架。
（马克·力文：1948年出生于美国洛杉矶，社会学博士、专栏作家、乡村音乐人，现任中央民族大学教授。2005年来中国，创作了许多反映中国的歌曲，并与傅涵成立“秀外慧中”音乐组合，2014年获中国政府友谊奖。）
After studying for a year in Beijing I moved off campus and into a hutong. Many elderly Chinese are longtime residents of these neighborhoods known for their narrow alleys and courtyard homes.Walking around the hutong I am greeted by these seniors who ask where I come from.
It is through this program that I first meet and hear Luyolo’s story. I learn that Luyolo’s use of the word “legacy” andreference to “my father’s generation” are more than just figures of speech. “When he was 15 my father joined the African National Congress (ANC) and became part of the fight against the apartheid regime. After two or three years he was nominated to join armed forces training of the ANC’s military wing, Umkhonto weSizwe , ‘Spear of the Nation.’ This took him to Tanzania and many other countries for training both inside and outside of Africa.”
Without exception this brings a smile and the warm greeting “Fei zhou xiong di” (African brother).
伊恩·古德拉姆（Ian Goodrum）是一位在中国日报网工作的美国人。在紧邻北京故宫的中山公园音乐堂外，我与伊恩有了第一次见面。当时，我们都参加了2018年的中央民族乐团五一（国际劳动节）音乐会，由国家外国专家局为外国专家所举办。
My father’ vehicle called “Zhou Enlai”
I first meet Luyolo in June 2018. China Plus, a website of China Media Group, is organizing a special activity in honor of 20 years of diplomatic relations between the Republic of South Africa and the People’s Republic of China. It’s called “My China– South Africa Story” and both Chinese and South African people will tell their stories. I coach them, reviewing each of the speakers’ texts and offering some suggestions for improvement.The entire series is broadcast on South African national television about one month after taping. It is uploaded on the China Plus site shortly thereafter.
I answer “Nan fei.” (South Africa)
“Sometimes my father and his comrades would get together and reminisce about their experiences. They are getting older and being afraid that these stories will be lost, I started to film them.One of their stories was when the all-terrain vehicle they were driving in was sabotaged. Someone had damaged the rear axle and it came off. My father then referred to needing to send for a mechanic to fix the ‘Zhou Enlai.’”
“Zhou Enlai? I was surprised to hear reference to China’s first Prime Minister and didn’t understand his connection to my father’s vehicle. My father explained that during the struggle against the racist government, Zhou Enlai spearheaded Chinese support for our struggle. As part of this aid, China provided a large number of these vehicles. But, no one knew what to call them because the only markings were Chinese characters that no one could read. So they called them Zhou Enlais.”
一、中国只希望榨取非洲的自然资源。布罗蒂加姆指出：尽管非洲丰富的自然资源对中国企业具有吸引力，但对西方企业来讲目标并无二致。二、2015年7月奥巴马总统曾警告许多非洲大使，不要雇用外国劳工参与基础设施的建设。虽然未提及中国，但每个人都心知肚明，他指的便是中国劳工——这已成为老生常谈的误区。布罗蒂加姆说，在一小部分石油产量丰富的国家，中国的建筑公司本可以聘用自己国家的人，但是基于她本人与其他人的调查表明：在大多数非洲国家，大部分的劳工仍然雇用自当地。三、认为中国正在寻求对非洲大陆进行土地控制，甚至有说法称中国有意将本国人派往非洲大陆，为中国本土种植粮食。为此，布罗蒂加姆对中国在非洲十几个国家进行农业投资的60个报道进行了为期3年的调查，发现这种说法并不成立。起初，她发现中国实际上只获得了70万公顷的土地，而不是有些批判言论中所提到的1500万公顷。但是，她也确实发现有少部分中国人在非洲种地，但那也不过是向当地市场进行售卖的农作物而已。
While this may be one side of the “brotherly” connection, it is not the only one.
LIU Lu, GUO Jungang, YANG Yukun, et al. Process mineralogy study on a gold ore in western Henan Province[J]. Conservation and utilization of mineral resources, 2018(6):77-80, 86.
The People’s Republic of China was founded on October 1,1949. It was not until 1971 with the passing of United Nations Resolution 2738 that the PRC was recognized as the only legitimate representative of China and allowed its rightful places in both the General Assembly and the Security Council.Nearly a decade earlier at the end of 1963, Premier Zhou Enlai visited 10 African countries and laid out five principles of China’s support for African (and Arab) nations.
1.2.1 发挥了财政农发资金的杠杆作用和乘数效应。全市立项“创投”项目通过财政补助或贴息投入的方式，只需约财政资金2.82亿元，撬动比例约为1∶5，发挥了乘数效应。
As a result of this historic support for African countries, of the 76 countries voting in favor of Resolution 2738, 26 of them came from Africa! All Chinese are aware of the close relations between China and South Africa and are quick to recall the phrase “African brother” that was often spoken by Mao Zedong and that Luyolo continues to hear today.
Western Criticisms about Chinese investment in Africa
Ian Goodrum, is American who works at chinadaily.com, the website for the main English-language newspaper in China. I first meet Ian outside of the theater in Sun Yatsen Park adjacent to Beijing’s Forbidden City. We had both just attended the annual (2018) May Day (International Labor Day) concert by the Chinese National Orchestra for foreign experts sponsored by the State Administration for Foreign Experts Affairs.
We later meet and exchange some of our U.S. and China experiences. I tell him of my recent conversation with Luyolo Sijake and his “African Brother” story. This leads us to a discussion of China – Africa relations and, speci fi cally, western criticisms of China’s relations with Africa including the 2018 criticisms of China’s relations with African by then-Secretary of State Rex Tillerson.
Ian says, “too many people outside of China don’t understand that these ‘criticisms’ are based on ideology not on facts.” He recommends a number of items for me to read including some pieces by Deborah Brautigam, a professor at Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies.
Her 2015 article in Foreign Policy magazine, with reference to President Xi’s just completed visit to Africa, notes that Xi promised a “lift in China-Africa relations” to promote amutually beneficial partnership and announced a commitment of $60 billion over three years for development projects in Africa. In her piece titled “5 Myths About Chinese Investment in Africa” she discusses “five of the most dangerous — and persistent — myths about Chinese engagement in Africa that are reliably recycled by the press.” Let’s look at three of them.
Myth 1: China only wants to extract Africa’s natural resources. Brautigam notes with while Africa’s extensive array natural resources are a draw for China, they are no less so for western companies. .
Myth 2: In July 2015 President Obama cautions an assembly of African ambassadors against building infrastructure with foreign labor. Without mentioning China everyone knew his reference to the time-worn myths. Brautigam notes that while in a small group of largely oil-rich countries Chinese construction fi rms are allowed to bring their own workers,her own and other’s research, however, shows that in most of Africa, the vast majority of workers are local hires.
归属感是指对人群的喜爱依恋等心理感受，如对住宅的位置、标识物等以及由此而产生的 自豪感和其他特有的感情。任何个人都离不开一定的团体或组织，人们 常常由于相同职业归属于一个单位，由于共同的居住地属于某个地区，从“血缘 ”的家庭关系中扩展到“业缘 ”和“地缘 ”关系，这种“地缘 ”关系由此产生“远亲不如近邻 ”、“落叶归根”等 乡土观念.所以，人们偏爱具有亲切感 、归属感而不感到陌生的生活空间。面对社会、工作、生活中的种种压力，当回到家时从空间之中所得到温暖，压力的释放以及轻松，有着“家”的感觉。当室内的空间会带给人一种舒适感，轻松感，释放精神压力时，便会有归属感。
Myth 3: Argues that China is in pursuit of control over African land. This claim even suggests that it is China’s intent to send Chinese peasants to grow food for China in Africa. Brautigam’s own 3-year investigation into 60 stories about Chinese agricultural investments in more than a dozen countries found no support for this argument. To begin with she found that Chinese had, in fact, acquired only 700,000 acres instead of the 15 million that some critics claimed. She did, however, find that there were a few dozen Chinese who were growing crops FOR LOCAL MARKETS.
Why African students are ditching the US for China
Luyolo Sijake is not alone as an African student in China.
In 2017 I got to know Zakaria Migeto, a doctoral student in sociology from Tanzania who lives in my apartment building at MUC. In August 2018 I saw him leaving our building as I was coming in. “I am currently writing about the historic relations between China and Africa.” Zakaria quickly said, “Do you know about Tazara? China built it for free at a time that China was still quite poor.” Tazara is a railway line from Tanzania-Zambia built to connect the landlocked Zambia to the sea which allowed it to break its economic dependence on the racist regimes in South Africa and Rhodesia.
In the past I have gotten to know other African students fromSierra Leone and other countries studying at MUC. In fact, in colleges and universities across China, African students, which in 2003 represented only 2% of the international student body now make up13%.These figures are presented in a June 2017 article on the CNN website entitled “Why African students are ditching the US for China” which also reports that
采用SPSS 22.0统计学软件对数据进行处理，计量资料以“±s”表示，采用t检验；计数资料以百分数（%）表示，采用x2检验，以P＜0.05为差异有统计学意义。
In less than 15 years the African student body has grown 26-fold --from just under 2,000 in 2003 to almost 50,000 in 2015.
According to the UNESCO Institute for Statistics, the US and UK host around 40,000 African students a year. China surpassed this number in 2014, making it the second most popular destination for African students studying abroad, after France which hosts just over 95,000 students.”
Some African students are simply attracted by the low cost of Chinese education or the opportunity to make potential business contacts in China, but beyond that in the 2015 summit on the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation committed to make 30,000 scholarships to Africans by 2018.
There are a variety of different scholarships. Zakaria is here through one of seven programs under the umbrella of Chinese Government Scholarship. In addition there are also the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) scholarships and even more. Luyolo came through another path, he entered the 13th Hanyu Qiao competition won a scholarship (including airfare).
Due to Chinese visa rules, most international students cannot stay in China after their education is complete. This prevents brain-drain and means that China is educating a generation of African students who - unlike their counterparts in France, the US or UK - are more likely to return home and bring their new education and skills with them.
The 2018 FOCAC (Forum on China Africa Cooperation) was held in early September in Beijing. South African President Cyril Ramaphosa, who I first met nearly 30 years ago in Palo Alto, Calfornia, was co-chair of the 2018 meeting. He argued that instead of acting in a colonialist fashion in Africa, China has helped development on the African continent. In his conference speech, Ramaphosa says “China is a reliable partner with African countries to realize the African Union Agenda 2063,” the strategic framework guiding Africa’s 50-year plan for development.
标签：中非关系论文; 周恩来论文; 非洲留学生论文; 非洲国家论文; 坦赞铁路论文; 种族主义论文; 坦桑尼亚论文; 奖学金论文; 中央民族大学论文;