探讨血清尿酸与慢性肾脏病的关联及降尿酸对肾脏的保护作用论文_车延秋

车延秋

鹤岗市工农区车延秋个体诊所 154100

【摘 要】目的:观察血清尿酸(SUA)在慢性肾脏病(CKD)患者中与肾脏损伤的关联,及降尿酸治疗对肾脏的保护作用。方法:本研究纳入458例CKD患者,其中男性332例,女性126例,平均年龄(59.3±9.92)岁。评估SUA与肾功能指标的关联。对其中203例合并有高尿酸血症(HUA)的CKD患者分为降尿酸治疗(ULT)组(N=83)和对照组(N=120),评估患者6个月后两组SUA和肾功能的差异。结果:随着SUA水平的升高,CKD患者的估算肾小球滤过率(eGFR)水平逐渐降低(P<0.001),血肌酐(Scr)和24 h尿蛋白水平逐渐升高(P均<0.001)。与对照组相比,治疗组经6个月ULT后的SUA水平显著降低(P<0.001);eGFR水平显著升高(P<0.001),Scr水平和24 h尿蛋白水平显著降低(P=0.013和P<0.001)。结论:SUA水平与CKD患者的肾脏损伤显著成正相关,ULT对CKD患者的肾脏具有保护作用。

【关键词】慢性肾脏病;血清尿酸;降尿酸治疗;肾脏损伤

ABSTRACT Objective:To observe the association between serum uric acid(SUA)and renal injury in patients with chronic kidney disease(CKD),and the renal protective effect of uric acid lowering therapy.Methods:This study included 458 patients with CKD,including 332 males and 126 females with an average age of(59.3±9.92)years to evaluate the association between SUA and renal function indexes.Among 203 patients with CKD who had hyperuricemia(HUA),they were divided into the uric acid lowering therapy(ULT)group(N=83)and the control group(N=120)to evaluate the difference of SUA and renal function between the two groups after 6 months.Results:With the increase of SUA level,the estimated glomerular filtration rate(eGFR)level of CKD patients decreased gradually(P<0.001),while the levels of serum creatinine(Scr)and 24-hour urinary protein increased gradually(P<0.001).Compared with the control group,the SUA level in the treatment group decreased significantly after 6 months of ULT(P<0.001);the levels of eGFR increased significantly(P<0.001),the levels of Scr and 24-hour urinary protein decreased significantly(P=0.013 and P<0.001).Conclusion:SUA level is positively correlated with kidney injury in CKD patients,and ULT has the protective effect on kidney in CKD patients.

KEY WORDS chronic kidney disease;serum uric acid;uric acid lowering therapy;kidney injury

慢性腎脏病(chronic kidney diseases,CKD)是由遗传、糖尿病、高血压或感染等多种因素引起的慢性肾损伤或肾功能下降,其特征是肾小球硬化、肾功能萎缩和间质纤维化[1]。CKD在我国的发病率高达10.8%,接近发达国家水平。随着肾功能恶化,CKD可进展为终末期肾病(end-stage renal disease,ESRD),并增加心血管事件的风险,死亡率高,已成为重要的公共卫生问题[2-3]。

尿酸是人体嘌呤核苷酸代谢的终产物,主要通过肾脏代谢从尿液排出体外[4-6]。近年来研究发现,尿酸升高可以促进尿酸沉积于肾脏,导致肾脏损伤、尿酸结石等,引起CKD的发生[7-8]。有研究显示,高尿酸血症(hyperuricemia,HUA)是导致估算肾小球滤过率(estimated glomerular filtration rate,eGFR)下降的独立影响因素[9],血清尿酸(serum uric acid,SUA)水平与肾小球间质病变程度呈正比[10]。说明SUA与肾损伤可能存在关联。本研究旨在观察SUA与CKD患者肾脏损伤的关联和降尿酸治疗(uric acid lowering therapy,ULT)对肾脏的保护作用。

1 对象和方法

1.1 研究对象

本研究以2017年1月至12月在我院就诊的458例CKD患者为研究对象。其中男性患者332例,女性患者126例,平均年龄(59.3±9.92)岁,入组标准为:(1)年龄大于18岁。(2)符合2012年改善全球肾脏病预后组织(KDIGO)定义的CKD诊断标准[10]。排除标准为:(1)3个月内接受过非布司他、别嘌呤醇或苯溴马隆等降尿酸治疗的患者;(2)患者有急性肾损伤、肾病综合征、梗阻性肾病或合并可能导致肾功能快速降低的疾病(例如血管炎、系统性红斑狼疮等);(3)接受透析或肾脏移植的患者。

1.2 研究方法

收集458例CKD患者的年龄、性别、体重指数(BMI)、吸烟史、饮酒史、糖尿病史、高血压史、SUA、血清肌酐(serum creatinine,Scr)、eGFR、24 h尿蛋白等信息,评估SUA与肾功能指标Scr、eGFR和24 h蛋白尿的关联。

对其中203例被确诊合并有HUA的CKD患者在不干预治疗过程的情况下,根据患者本人意愿是否接受ULT分成治疗组(83例)和对照组(120例)。治疗组和对照组的男性人数(比例)分别为65例(78%)和90例(75%),平均年龄分别(61.7±8.2)岁和(59.2±10.8)岁,两组性别和平均年龄差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。对治疗组患者进行非布司他(20~40 mg/d,起始首月剂量20 mg/d口服,然后根据患者尿酸控制情况酌情加量,最高不超过40 mg/d)或别嘌呤醇(100~300 mg/d 口服,起始首月剂量100 mg/d,然后根据患者尿酸控制情况及肾脏功能酌情加量,最高不超过300 mg/d)治疗。对照组患者不应用任何降尿酸药物。比较两组6个月后SUA、Scr、eGFR、24 h蛋白尿的改变差异。

1.3 评价指标

(1)eGFR:计算采用慢性肾脏病流行病合作工作组(CKD-EPI)方程[11],男性eGFR(ml/min/1.73 m2)=141×(Scr/0.9)α×0.993年龄;女性eGFR(ml/min/1.73 m2)=144×(Scr/0.7)α×0.993年龄。当男性Scr≤0.9 mg/dl,α=-0.411;Scr>0.9 mg/dl,α=-1.209。当女性Scr≤0.7 mg/dl,α=-0.329;Scr>0.7 mg/dl,α=-1.209。(2)男性SUA≥7 mg/dl,女性SUA≥6 mg/dl被诊断为HUA。

1.4 统计学分析

2 结果

2.1 CKD患者的基本情况

458例CKD患者的平均BMI为(23.5±2.63)kg/ m2。235例患者有吸烟史,占51%;206患者有饮酒史,占45%;388例患者有高血压史,占85%,95例患者有糖尿病史,占21%。eGFR、SCs、SUA、24 h尿蛋白平均值分别为(63.5±18.5)ml/min/1.7 m2、(1.25±0.40)mg/dl、(6.75±1.98)mg/dl和(0.57±0.45)g。

治疗组和对照组患者的平均BMI分別为(24.1±2.8)kg/m2和(23.8±2.7)kg/m2;吸烟者的比例分别为60.2%和50.0%;饮酒者的比例分别为47.0%和41.7%,糖尿病患者人数(比例)分别为21例(25.3%)和22例(18.3%),差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗组和对照组高血压史患者人数(比例)分别为77例(92.7%)和100例(83.3%)差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。

2.2 不同SUA水平患者的eGFR、Scr和24 h尿蛋白情况

按照SUA水平将CKD患者划分为4个区域[12]。I区:SUA≤6 mg/dl;II区:6 mg/dl9 mg/ dl。随着SUA水平的升高,CKD患者的eGFR水平逐渐下降(P<0.001),Scr和24 h尿蛋白水平逐渐升高(均P<0.001),见表1。

2.3 ULT治疗前后的SUA、eGFR、Scr和24 h尿蛋白的比较

与治疗前相比,治疗6个月后治疗组患者的SUA水平下降值明显大于对照组(P<0.001)。治疗6个月后,治疗组患者的Scr水平下降,GFR水平升高,而对照组患者Scr水平上升,eGFR水平下降,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗组患者24 h尿蛋白水平均下降值明显大于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。见表2。

3 讨论

本研究发现,SUA水平的升高与CKD患者的eGFR水平逐渐降低,Scr水平和24 h尿蛋白水平升高相关联,提示SUA升高可能会直接造成肾脏损伤;也可能是CKD患者的本身肾脏功能不全,使SUA排泄障碍而导致SUA水平增高,SUA的升高又进一步加重肾脏损害而形成恶性循环。

CKD患者普遍存在合并HUA。SUA升高可以通过多种机制引起肾脏损伤:(1)SUA可以抑制致密斑一氧化氮(NO)合成酶系统而减少肾NO的生成,也可以直接与NO产生迅速而不可逆的反应导致NO耗竭。NO生物活性的降低诱导了内皮功能障碍,进而引起高血压、动脉硬化、以及肾脏疾病(如肾脏缺氧、肾小球硬化症以及肾脏炎症等)[13-14]。(2)SUA可以通过人尿酸盐阴离子转运体(URAT1)进入血管平滑肌细胞(vascular smooth muscle cells,VSMCs),激活特异性丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen activated protein kinase,MAPK)和环氧酶2(COX-2)mRNA的表达;部分通过激活肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统(renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system,RAAS)来促进VSMCs的增殖,引起肾小球前血管病变[15]。(3)尿酸水平升高也会诱导肾小管细胞由上皮向间质转移,从而引起肾小管间质性纤维化[16-17]。中國的一项CKD横断面研究结果显示,HUA患者的肾脏损伤风险比非HUA患者高9.3倍[18]。另外一项随访研究显示,基线期SUA水平高的患者4.6年后CKD进展到3~5级的风险显著提高,表明HUA可能是CKD患者发生肾脏损伤的高危因素[19]。在高血压患者中,SUA水平越高,eGFR水平越低,肾脏抵抗指数越高,24 h尿蛋白水平越高[20]。有数据显示,SUA水平每升高1 mg/dl,肾功能下降14%[21]。本研究也发现SUA水平越高的CKD患者eGFR水平越低,Scr和24 h尿蛋白水平越高,提示SUA升高与肾脏损伤有关。

有研究表明降尿酸治疗可以延缓肾损伤[22-27]。一项动物模型研究显示,对被阻断单侧输尿管造成肾功能不全的大鼠进行药物降尿酸治疗,可降低大鼠的Scr水平,提高大鼠的肾功能,对肾脏具有较好的保护作用[28]。另一项随机对照研究发现,采用非布司他对3~4级CKD合并HUA治疗6个月后,eGFR水平显著升高,且eGFR下降10%的患者比例显著低于对照组,表明降低SUA水平可以延缓患者eGFR的下降[29]。本研究结果也显示,经过6个月ULT,合并有HUA的CKD患者的SUA水平显著降低,eGFR水平升高,Scr和24 h尿蛋白水平均下降。这可能是ULT后,减少了SUA与NO的结合,或者降低了SUA对MAPK、COX-2及RAAS的刺激,抑制VSMCs的增殖,使肾功能得到一定恢复,提高了肾小球滤过率,从而提高肾脏对SUA、Scr及24 h尿蛋白的清除,进而达到保护肾脏的作用[15-16]。

综上所述,SUA与CKD患者的肾脏损伤显著正相关,ULT对CKD患者具有肾脏保护作用。但本研究纳入的样本量较小,随访时间较短,研究结论还有待大样本的长时间观察研究证实。

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论文作者:车延秋

论文发表刊物:《中国医学人文》(学术版)2019年第7期

论文发表时间:2019/9/18

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探讨血清尿酸与慢性肾脏病的关联及降尿酸对肾脏的保护作用论文_车延秋
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