IN SEARCH OF EXCELLENCE
Steel producer attests to China's industrial transformation By Wang Hairong
Thirty-seven years have flown by for Lu Jiangxin, as he remembers his first days at the China Baowu Steel Group, then known as Baoshan Iron and Steel Co. Ltd. (Baosteel).
As a fresh graduate from a technology university in east China's Anhui Province, Lu joined the company in Shanghai. “Construction was going full steam. The site was surrounded by orchards and rice paddies,” he recalled.
He was assigned to a research office to study steel for petroleum pipelines. “There was no office building yet. We worked in dormitories. Two years later, office buildings sprouted up on previous farmland,” he said.
Now, from inside a stylish building, Lu, Director of the State Key Laboratory of Development and Application Technology of Automotive Steels, speaks from an office that is furnished with a row of bookcases, a huge desk and sofas and decorated with tall plants.
Over nearly four decades, Lu has grown from a rookie technician into an accomplished scientist, devoting himself to the research of auto sheets and winning accolades, including the prestigious National Science and Technology Progress Award.
The company has developed from nil to a behemoth in the steel industry, growing to become the largest steel producer in China and the second largest in the world. Currently, it ranks 149th among the Fortune Global 500 and 40th on the list of the top 500 enterprises in China.
In 1957, Mao set the goal for China's steel production to overtake that of the UK in 15 years. In the quest for rapid industrialization, during the “Great Leap Forward (1958-60),” small backyard steel furnaces were built in virtually every village and urban neighborhood to expand steel production. But the quality of steel produced by backyard furnaces did not meet standards; thus the experiment failed.
In 2018, the group produced more than 67 million tons of steel, and made a profit of 33.8 billion yuan ($4.76 billion), according to the group's financial report.
“Baowu's contribution is more than profit. The company's products have effectively supported large national science and technology projects such as nuclear power plants, large aircraft, manned spaceflights and lunar probes,” Sun Jipeng, Senior Manager at the Strategy Planning Department of Baowu, told Beijing Review .
Great expectations
Baowu was formed through a marriage of two large iron and steel conglomerates in 2016. One predecessor Wugang Iron and Steel Co. Ltd. (WISCO), located in Wuhan, capital of central China's Hubei Province, is the first mega iron and steel plant built after the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949. Construction of the plant started in 1955 and it went into operation in 1958.
At the ceremony to ignite WISCO's first blast furnace in 1958, Chairman Mao Zedong said that with food and steel available, everything else would be easy to handle, demonstrating the great importance of the steel industry.
Back then, China was eager to transform from an agrarian country into an industrialized one and in desperate need of steel. “The iron and steel industry is the foundation of the national economy. At that time, it was especially important for China. Without iron and steel, industrial modernization, national defense and modern agriculture would be all out of the question,” Sun said.
“In 1949, China's steel output was only 158,000 tons, a very insignificant amount. That output was hardly enough to equip everyone in the country with a hoe, let alone meet economic development needs,” Sun explained.
此外，电视新闻记者还应当积极步入到“VR、AR、人工智能+新闻”的试水队列中，利用创新技术，提高新闻节目的感染力和现场感。移动直播就是高新科技引入电视新闻传播的一种大胆的尝试，在文字、图片等普通信息载体之外，移动还汇集了H5、直播流等多种播报形式，采用现场报道与“碎片化”上传相结合的工作流程，使受众通过界面更新不断获取新鲜资讯，既提高了用户参与感，也提高了信息传播的高效性。
Nevertheless, official statistics show that from the 1950s to the 1970s, steel output grew at double digit annually in China minus a few years.
At the time, the world steel industry was also rapidly expanding. In 1978, China's total steel output reached 31.78 million tons, close to that of West Germany, surpassing that of the UK and France. However, the output was only about one fifth that of the Soviet Union, then the largest steel producer in the world; one fourth that of the United States, the second largest; and one third that of Japan, the third largest.
舞蹈作品是由舞蹈动作组成舞句再连成舞段再由舞段衔接成一个舞蹈作品的这样一个过程，音乐是由音符组成小节再连成一句继续延伸到一段再衔接成一首曲子的这样一个过程，所以音乐与舞蹈的创编过程是相似的，音乐是由单个的音符、舞蹈是由单个的动作这样往后继续延续形成的一个作品，而且都是具有行进与推动性的，在时间值上也都具有变化，因此音乐与舞蹈都是具有节奏的这便是它们的基础与共性，也因此决定了音乐与舞蹈不可分割的艺术表演形式。
Finished steel products are loaded onto a ship docked at a wharf of the China Baowu Steel Group in Shanghai
The other predecessor Baosteel, established in 1978, is dubbed the offspring of reform and opening up. It broke ground right after the conclusion of the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Communist Party of China Central Committee, the meeting that launched reform and opening up. In 1985, its first blast furnace went into operation.
生产除需要固定资产外，还需要流动资产，但统计年鉴没有非工业部门的流动资产方面的数据。根据工业部门的固定资产和流动资产数据，计算工业部门的固定资产占总资产的平均比重，用这个值近似非工业各产业的固定资产占总资产的比重，然后可以计算非工业产业所需的总资产。
“At that time, the product mix and production technology of China's iron and steel products were still far behind some developed countries, at least 20 years behind Japan,” according to a book on Baosteel published in 2017. Steel production facilities in China were outdated, only producing steel for industrial equipment and buildings, but not for vehicles and household electrical appliances.
从初始资金来源角度，社会组织发起设立时筹集到的初始活动资金或基金（即为开办资金），有些是由财政拨款或向财政部门借支方式筹集。依照现行法律法规，社会组织的注册资本与企业注册资本金确实有着本质区别，其初始资金投入者不能因为资金的投入而享有社会组织的所有权，社会组织结余不能依照企业利润按持股比例分配。因此，政府投入的资金视为一种捐赠或资助更恰当，政府不能因为注册资金全部由国家投入而将社会组织的全部资产认定为是国有资产。
Under such circumstances, Baosteel was established with a large government investment. From its inception, the company has been committed to producing quality steel. Its first head Li Ming made a famous remark, “Baosteel was not set up to produce mediocre products; otherwise it would not have needed an investment of 30 billion yuan ($17.4 billion at 1978 exchange rate).”
Seizing opportunities
“Baowu is geared toward high-quality manufacturing. We adhere to the forward-looking strategy of scientifci and technological innovation, focusing on cutting-edge products as well as the application of advanced technology to produce ordinary products,” said Baowu Chairman Chen Derong at a forum held on August 22.
将3%活化好的鲁氏酵母菌株接入到蛋白胨水培养基中，在28 ℃培养72 h，滴入吲哚3～4滴试剂，观察试验结果。同时用大肠杆菌做阳性对照，并做空白试验。
A self-driving vehicle passes by an unmanned warehouse at the China Baowu Steel Group in Shanghai on May 29
Currently, he said, the group is at an internationally advanced level in terms of the quality of its new generation of automobile high-strength steel, oriented electrical steel, as well as steel for high-grade household appliances, oil and gas pipelines, bridges and hot-rolled heavy rails. Moreover, its output of automobile sheets ranks third in the world and the output of silicon steel tops all countries.
“Sixteen people used to work here, but now one is enough,” Lu Hongguang, a human resources officer in the cold-rolling mill, told Beijing Review . The production process, which is usually carried out without illumination, is monitored from a room filled with screens, and any abnormalities are detected automatically.
In the 1980s, expansion of industrial production and rising demand for automobiles and household electrical appliances such as refrigerators fueled surging demand for quality steel.
By the end of 2018, Baowu owned 12,921 patents, including 5,105 invention patents, Lu Kebin, Senior Manager at the Scientific and Technological Innovation Department of Baowu, told Beijing Review . Since 2000, the group has won scores of national-level science and technology awards.
60例肺腺癌ALK患者肺癌TNM分期：5例ⅠA期，5例ⅠB 期，13例ⅡA，26例ⅢA 期，ⅢB期6例，5例Ⅳ期。免疫组织化学染色表明，60例患者病理标本中肿瘤细胞的细胞质内ALK蛋白强颗粒状着色；HE染色:实体型26例伴黏蛋白分泌为主，20例腺泡样为主，13例乳头状为主，8例微小乳头状为主，3例为胶质样腺癌，30例患者肿瘤组织伴有黏液分泌，19例伴有筛状结构，11例伴有印戒细胞。
He started research of auto sheets in 1989, after receiving a master's degree from what is now the University of Science and Technology Beijing.
总而言之，哥伦比亚处于发展中国家的中上水平，中国制药企业进入该国市场正当其时。国内已有多家公司通过其GMP认证，包括上海凯茂生物医药有限公司、东北制药一药公司、鲁南贝特制药有限公司以及华北制药北元分厂等药企。相信通过不断努力，我国药企一定会以高质量的药品在哥伦比亚和南美市场占有一席之地，并取得良好的经济效益。
Lu Jiangxin, Director of the State Key Laboratory of Development and Application Technology of Automotive Steels at the China Baowu Steel Group
In 1990, the first high-grade automobile sheet was rolled out of Baosteel. Today, one out of every two automobiles produced in China is made with Baowu's steel, which is high in strength and light in weight, making vehicles more energy efficient.
Smart and green
Baowu now describes itself as a hi-tech enterprise with the iron and steel industry as its main value carrier. The group has approximately 1,300 research and development personnel. In addition to its research centers and innovation incubating platforms, it also partners with universities and research institutes.
大学生是互联网时代最活跃的主体，衣、食、住、行、学等方方面面都离不开网络。针对此，高校在教育教学培养中，不应该对大学生参与网络予以全盘否认，而是应该辩证地看待问题，并接受当前网络发展的客观事实，利用大学生喜闻乐见的新媒体手段，打造社会主义核心价值观的培养平台，例如建立微信公众号，结合社会热点事件，激发大学生的思考与讨论，活跃思维；积极推送社会主义核心价值观的相关资料，与学生进行积极的网络互动，了解大学生的网络习惯，并利用网络引导大学生思想价值理念。
Baosteel set its sights on producing auto sheets, which was technically challenging for Chinese companies at the time, Lu said, because auto sheets needed to be speckless, of high strength and adequate plasticity, which were hard to achieve at the same time, and the carbon content in steel had to be lowered from 0.1 percent to below 0.01 percent.
利用飞轮齿圈高频感应淬火余热实现齿圈压装工艺的工序可以并入到飞轮机加工线形成连线的生产模式。缩短飞轮总成加工线的物流距离，减少不必要的资源浪费，增加产品收益。另外，由于采用总成件方式的供应，一方面减少了整机厂分装线的投入，另一方面作为飞轮组件供应方，为公司增加了销售收入。
On July 22, Chen amazed an audience by demonstrating how to smelt steel remotely simply by pushing a button. When he pressed a key on an iPad screen, a converter located 3,000 meters away was put into motion, an oxygen lance slowly dropped and the molten steel in the converter began to flow. With the help of 5G technology, the work of the converter can be monitored on-screen in real time.
（2）从“地”的角度来看，“地”是农村生产和经营的基础和主体。进一步深化农村土地制度改革，落实好土地承包制度，规范生产生活秩序，实现农村土地基础产业、农村工业和现代化科技的相互适应和匹配，从根本上提高农村土地资源的利用效率[3]。
“Today, steelmaking is no longer sweaty and smoky,” said Chen. “Baowu pursues green, quality and smart development. It is a hi-tech enterprise actively seeking transformation and development.”
A memorial square at the China Baowu Steel Group in Shanghai
In addition, the Internet, big data and artificial intelligence are used to build Baowu's online sales and service platform, Ouyeel. Moreover, Baowu's management model has been adjusted to better suit smart production, with the hierarchical organizational structure becoming more leveled.
In a smart cold-rolling workshop, machines were roaring, a crane was moving back and forth, and steel sheets rolled onto the production line from one end of the workshop and down from another and were galvanized in the process. But there was no one in sight. A chair at a work station near the crane, once occupied by an operator, was empty.
In the past, technical strength enabled Baosteel to seize development opportunities. In 1980, the People's Bank of China (PBC), the central bank, planned to issue the country's first 1-yuan coin, but no suitable steel could be found in domestic steel mills and in the end, the coin was minted with imported steel. In June 1991, Baosteel developed its own cold rolling mill, and the company began to explore steel to make coins. After a series of experiments, it finally succeeded and in June 1992, the PBC issued 1-yuan coins minted with steel produced by Baosteel.
Automation has slashed cost and improved work efficiency. Citing a smart hot-rolling workshop as an example, Lu Kebin said smart production has cut energy consumption there by 5 percent and cost by 20 percent, while increasing productivity by 20 percent.
Today, a lot of the hard work is done by robots. According to Baowu's 2018 corporate social responsibility (CSR) report, it has an arsenal of more than 480 robots and over 100 self-driving vehicles. It has some unmanned workshops and a mega unmanned warehouse.
In addition to making production safer and more efficient, Baowu has conducted research on green technology including Corex nonblast furnace iron-making technology, thin strip continuous casting, and desulfurization and denitrification technology for coke ovens.
孔子一生，仕止久速，造次颠沛，纂修删述，盛德大业，靡一不具《论语》；及门弟子德性气质、学问造诣、浅深高下、进止得丧，靡一不具《论语》。《论语》多记言，少记事。知孔子之言者，即知孔子之事。知及门弟子之言者，即知及门弟子之事矣。[注] 朱彝尊撰，林庆彰、蒋秋华、杨晋龙、冯晓庭主编：《经义考新校》，上海：上海古籍出版社，2011年，第3851-3852页。
本文采用ZHL碱性无氰镀银液进行滚镀。针对滚镀的工件占槽比(指工件体积与滚筒容积之比)、电流密度、滚筒转速、镀液温度、镀液浓度等影响因素进行大量基础实验，获得适合该工艺的最佳工作范围。
Pollutant emissions and waste discharge have been reduced. In 2018, Baowu's perunit energy consumption went down by 2.3 percent from the previous year, carbon dioxide emissions went down by 3.5 percent, nitrogen oxides by 2.9 percent and chemical oxygen demand by 9.9 percent, according to its CSR report.
Future oriented
Baowu has grown stronger and smarter, banking on opportunities availed by China's development, but its voyage has not been all smooth sailing. The biggest bump came in 2015, when the international steel industry suffered from severe overcapacity.
At the time, China's steel industry had been expanding, in particular, at a rate of around 20 percent during the period from 2001-07. In 1996, the country's total steel output exceeded 100 million tons, making it the biggest producer in the world. Since then, both its steel production and consumption have remained the largest in the world, said Sun, adding that currently, the country produces about 50 percent of the total steel in the world.
In 2015, sluggish demand in major steel consumption regions left the world market glutted. “The year 2015 was the worst for the whole industry,” said Liu Zhenjiang, then Secretary General of the China Iron and Steel Association.
That year, WISCO suffered the biggest losses among Chinese steel enterprises and Baosteel saw the largest dent in profit in its history.
In 2015, China launched supply-side reform, readjusting its industrial structure, optimizing production factor allocation and improving the quality of economic growth. The steel industry began to cut its overcapacity.
Against this backdrop, WISCO was merged into Baosteel to form Baowu. Since the merger, the group has reduced its capacity and workforce and optimized its business structure, Sun said.
The group's business portfolio was diversified to feature steel manufacturing as the base along with the coordinated development of five other business modules, namely new materials, logistics, industrial services, urban services and industrial financing.
Envisioning the future, Sun said Baowu will produce more quality products, promote greener and smarter development, further lower cost through technology innovation, and become bigger and more proftiable.
(Reporting from Shanghai )
Copyedited by Rebeca Toledo
Comments to wanghairong@bjreview.com
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