定语从句小议，本文主要内容关键词为：从句论文,定语论文，此文献不代表本站观点，内容供学术参考，文章仅供参考阅读下载。
引导定语从句的有关系代词that,which,who,whom,whose,as和关系副词when,where,why等。我们通常的做法是：将关系代词或关系副词放在先行词和定语从句之间，并让其在定语从句中充当一定的句子成分。
一、关系代词引导的定语从句
1.that既指人又指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语；which只指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。作宾语用的关系代词在口语或非正式用语中可以省略。例如：
Do you like the film which/that is shown now?
The dumplings(which/that)I cooked were delicious.
The girl that is wearing a red skirt is my sister.
Who is the young man(that)you talked to just now?
2.who指人，在定语从句中作主语；whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语，并且常常可以省略；whose既可指人又可指物，在定语从句中作定语。例如：
The professor who visited our school is from America.
The person whom you should turn to is Mr Wang.
Tom lives in the house whose window faces to the south.
This is the boy whose parents are both teachers.
3.在下列情况下只能用关系代词that引导定语从句：
先行词被all,any,only,little,much,every等修饰时，用that引导定语从句。例如：
Every dictionary that our library has bought is good.
先行词本身就是all,any,little,much等时，用that引导定语从句。例如：
All that can be done has been done already.
先行词是不定代词everything,nothing,anything等时，用that引导定语从句。例如：
You'll get everything that you want.
先行词前面有形容词最高级或序数词修饰时，用that引导定语从句。例如：
This is the best novel that I've ever read.
The first tree that they planted died.
先行词是way（方式，方法），time,place等时，可用关系副词that引导定语从句。例如：
I didn't like the way that(=in which)he spoke to us.
It is the first time that I have met him.
在以who或which开头的特殊疑问句中，如果who或which本身就是先行词，则要用that引导定语从句。例如：
Who is the man that is standing there?
Which is the book that you borrowed from the library yesterday?
先行词有两个，其中一个是人，另一个是物时，用that引导定语从句。例如：
They talked about the persons and things that they remembered at school.
在定语从句中作表语用的关系代词通常是that，它也常可省略。例如：
The city is no longer the one(that)is used to be.
注意：(1)当先行词是指人的those和one,ones,anyone等时，多用关系代词who/whom引导定语从句。例如：
Those who want to take part in the sports meeting put up your hands.
(2)非限制性定语从句一般不用关系代词that引导。例如：
Nothing is more important to us than the sun,which gives us heat and light.
(3)当先行词被such或the same修饰时，多用关系代词as引导定语从句，as可在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语。例如：
I have the same pen as you have.（as在定语从句中作宾语。）
Don't talk openly about such things as have only been known by a few people.（as在定语从句中作主语。）
(4)如果关系代词who,which,that在定语从句中作主语，那么定语从句中的谓语动词就必须和先行词在人称和数上保持一致。例如：
A chemist's shop is a shop which/that sells medicines.
4.关系代词whom,which在定语从句中作介词的宾语时，可以将其与介词一起放在主句和从句之间，也可以把介词放在从句中有关动词的后面而将关系代词放在先行词与定语从句之间。这时，若指人，则关系代词可用whom,who或that，而且可以省略；若指物，则关系代词可用which或that，也可省略。例如：
This is the book on which I spent five yuan.
This is the book(that/which)I spent five yuan on.
The person in whom you should have trust is Mr Black.
The person(who/whom/that)you should call on is Mr Ball.
怎样在“介词＋关系代词”这种结构中选用合适的介词呢？
（一）根据定语从句中谓语动词的搭配关系来决定。例如：
Now Della and Jim had two possessions in which they both took great pride.
（二）由主句中先行词与介词的习惯搭配来决定。例如：
He built a telescope through which he could study the skies.
（三）由定语从句所表达的意思来决定。例如：Nearby were two boats from which they had jumped onto the bank.
二、关系副词when,where,why分别在定语从句中作时间状语、地点状语和原因状语
关系副词when和where既可引导限制性定语从句，也可引导非限制性定语从句，而关系副词why则只能引导限制性定语从句。关系副词when和where在语义上相当于“介词＋which”结构。例如：
I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.(when=on which)
I still remember the days when I lived there.(when=during which)
The factory where his father works is in the west of the city.(where=in which)
The farm where his mother works is large.(where=on which)
三、非限制性定语从句中的关系词
引导非限制性定语从句的通常为关系代词who,whom,which和关系副词when,where等，并且这些关系词不得省略。例如：
His parents,who work in Shanghai,are coming to see him tomorrow.
Miss Smith,whom you visited yesterday,is from America.
She lives in Room 204,which faces south.
Galileo lived in the city of Pisa,where there is a leaning tower about 180 feet high.
Mr King,whose legs were badly hurt,was quickly taken to the hospital.
The lab,where we often did experiments in physics,will be rebuilt in three months.
四、其他注意事项
在定语从句中，关系代词but在意义上相当于who not。例如：
Under such bad weather conditions,there is no one of us but wishes to go home.
定语从句与强调句的辨别。例如：
Was it 1986 when he joined the army?此句中when引导的是定语从句，1986是先行词。
Was it in 1986 that he joined the army?此句是强调句。强调的是时间状语in 1986。如果把it be．．．that删除，能把剩下的部分重新排列成一个结构完整、意思明确的句子，那么原句就是强调句。反之，就是定语从句。
that引导的同位语从句与that引导的定语从句从结构上看很近似，但如果that在其引导的从句中充当一定的句子成分，则该从句是定语从句；如果that在其引导的从句中不作任何句子成分，则该从句是同位语从句。例如：
We heard the news that our team had won the game.（that引导的是同位语从句，因为that在从句中不作任何句子成分。）
This is the very watch that I lost yesterday.（that引导的是定语从句，因为that在从句中作lost的宾语。）
The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody.（that引导的是同位语从句，因为that在从句中不作任何句子成分，也没有意义。）
The finger that l put into my mouth was not the one that I had dipped in the cup.（两个that引导的都是定语从句，因为that在从句中分别作put和dipped的宾语。）
如何区分where引导的定语从句与where引导的地点状语从句呢？请先看下列例句：
(1)After the war,a new school building was put up where there had once been a theatre.
(2)When you read the book,you'd better make a mark where you have any questions.
(3)Did yoy show them around the room where Premier Zhou once worked and lived?
(4)This is the city where he was born.
如果where前面有先行词，并且在从句中作一个句子成分，则where引导的是定语从句。否则where引导的是地点状语从句。因此，在句(1)和句(2)中，where引导的是地点状语从句；在句(3)和句(4)中，where引导的是定语从句。