漫谈同位语从句,本文主要内容关键词为:从句论文,同位论文,此文献不代表本站观点,内容供学术参考,文章仅供参考阅读下载。
英语学习者都知道同位语从句(Appositive Clause)是名词性从句的一种,that为其常用连接词。但仅仅知道这些还不够,因为该从句在实际运用中无论在形式还是内容上都涉及到其它诸多要求与变化,初学者可能会将它与其它从句,特别是与定语从句混为一谈。这里对其作一较为详细的介绍,以供广大读者参阅。
一、同位语从句的特征或标记
作为特征或标记,同位语从句前须置一名词(名词词组或介词+名词的结构)。同位语从句对该名词进行具体的诠释或进一步的说明,有时也带有修饰的色彩。这个名词被称为中心词(head word),可用作中心词的名词常有:news,belief,hope,idea,notion,attempt,answer,decision,discovery,doubt,approval(批准),evidence(证据),guarantee(保证),question,problem,indication(征兆),possibility,story,suggestion,permission,proposal,truth,fact,report,recollection(回忆)等。如:
(1)We expressed the hope that they would come and visit China again.我们表示希望他们再来访问中国。
(2)He always works hard in spite of the fact that he is not in good health.他总是努力工作而不管他身体健康状况不佳的事实。
(3)Any proposals that John should be dismissed must be resisted.任何要约翰解职的提议都必须抵制。
(4)There is a possibility that we shall not be able to afford the particular furniture we need.有这么一种可能性:我们无力购买我们所需的这种独特的家具。
(5)I have no idea what you mean.我不知道你意欲何图。
(6)She left no message when she would be back from the beach.她未留言讲她何时从海滨返回。
(7)It's difficult to answer your question how I did it.你关于我怎样做成此事的问题很难回答。
(8)I insisted on an answer to my question whether he was coming or not.我坚持要求回答我他是否来的问题。
(9)My original question,why he did it at all,has not been answered.我原先的提问,即他究竟为什么干这事,尚未予以答复。
(10)There arose the question where we were to get the machines needed.从哪儿搞来所需要的机器这个问题出现在我们的面前。
另外,还有一种现象值得注意:同位语从句前有时还有同位指示词(Indicators of Apposition),或称引导词,用来指出中心词与同位语从句之间的关系,可表示等同,特指等。常见的有,namely,that is(i.e.),that is to say,in other words,or(rather)等。例如:
(11)Mary is a good student;that is to say,she gets good grades in school.玛丽是个好学生,也就是说,她成绩很好。
(12)That one picture speaks volumes,or rather(speaks)lies volumes.仅那张图画就传递了卷帙浩繁的内容,说得确切点,是包纳了无数的谎言。
(13)He put it where there was light,in other words,where everybody could see it.他把物品放光亮处,换言之,放在大家看得到的地方。
(14)Tom has a perfect evidence-namely,that he was in a dental clinic when the crime was committed.汤姆有一个不在犯罪现场的很好证据,即罪案发生时,他正在一个牙科诊所。
二、引接同位语从句的连接词
上面说过,同位语从句主要由that来连接,但并不排除其它一些词担任连接词(connectives),只不过他们所承接的中心词范围较窄。按照这些连接词的性质,可分为三类:
1.从属连词(subordinator)有that,whether等。如:
(1)I believe our dream that humans will travel to and from the moon will come true oneday.我相信我们的梦想,即人类将到月球上旅行总有一天会实现。
(2)We demanded a guarantee that no similar incident would occur in future.我们要求保证今后不再发生类似事件。
(3)The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everybody in the office.近来谁也不曾见过他,这一事实使办公室所有同事极为不安。
(4)An approval whether we will be allowed to study abroad has not come down to us so far.我们是否获准去国外学习,批复至今尚未下达。
(5)My knotty problem whether I should invite Jack to my party was solved when I received news of his illness.我的棘手问题,即是否邀请杰克参加我的晚会,随着我听说他生病的消息后就解决了。
(6)I have no notion whether your project about environmental protection will come up at tomorrow's conference.我不知道你们的环境保护计划是否会在明天的会议上提交讨论。
2.连接代词(coniunctive pronoun)有what,which,who等。例如:
(1)Next comes the question what you want it for.下面有一个问题,你要它干什么用?
(2)It's hard to make a decision who would be the proper person in charge of that factory.很难作出决定,谁是能管理这个工厂的合适人选。
(3)We now come to the main problem,what the cause of his crime was and who induced him to commit it.现在我们来讨论主要问题,他犯罪的原因是什么,又是谁引诱了他犯罪。
(4)I have no idea which I shall choose.我不知道该选哪一个。
3.连接副词(conjunctive adverb)有how,when,where,why等。如:
(1)He had no idea how many people were drowned in the flood.他不知道有多少人在洪水中丧生。
(2)Have you any idea when they are coming,today or tomorrow?你知道他们是今天来还是明天来?
(3)I insisted upon an answer to my question why he had done it.我坚持要答复我的问题,他为什么要做这事。
(4)I do not know the reason why they quarreled.我不知道他们为什么吵架。
注意:why前的名词若是reason时,此时的同位语从句就等同于定语从句。
(5)We haven't yet settled the question where we are gomg to spend our summer vacation.我们尚未解决将去何处度假这个问题。
注意:
①连接词that有时可省略(多见于非正式文体)。如:
His fear(that)he might never accomplish anything is grinding him down.他也许什么事也做不成,这种担心折磨得他痛苦不堪。
②同位语从句以疑问句、祈使句等形式出现,第一个字母可以大写,句末用相应的标点符号,这时不需要连接词。如:
(6)I now put the question to you plainly.Will you come or not?现在我把问题明确告诉你,“你来还是不来?”
(7)The message is this:you are to go to the hotel where rooms have already been booked foryou.电话内容是这样的:你们就去那个已经给你们订好房间的酒店。
三、同位语从句的分类与隔离
1.同位语从句的分类
同位语从句可分为两类:A.限制性同位语从句(Restrictive Appositive Clause),也可称为紧密同位语从句,B.非限制性同位语从句(Nonrestrictive Appositive Clause)也可称为松散同位语从句。
限制性同位语从句与前面的中心词关系密切,形成一整体,如缺少则可能造成句意不全,中间没有逗号隔开,如:
Leaves falling from the tress are an indication that summer is over.正从树上掉下的纷纷落叶就是夏天已过的征兆。
The attempt that he would break the world record was unsuccessful.他想打破世界纪录这个企图未能成功。
非限制性同位从句与中心词关系比较疏松,对中心词权作补充说明,往往用逗号或破折号隔开。如:
That question,whether we need it,has not yet been considered.我们是否需要它,这个问题还没有考虑。
Many problems-such as how the guests should be seated-remained unsolved.许多问题——譬如客人的座次怎样排定——依然没有解决。
2.同位语从句与中心词的隔离
通常情况下,同位语从句与中心词是紧连的,但有时也被句中的其他成分隔开(较多的情况下是被谓语动词隔开)。如:
The fact remains that there is no filling station here.事实仍然是这样:这里没有加油站。
Word came from Berlin that none other language than German would be taughtat schools in Alsace and Lorraine.从柏林传来消息,在阿尔萨斯及洛林两个地区的学校只许教德语。
The story goes that William Tell did kill thecreel governor with that arrow.传说威廉·特尔后来果真用这枝箭射死了残暴的总督。
A new idea occurred to him that it could be done in avery simple way.他想出一个新主意,这件事可以用很简便的方法来完成。
四、同位语从句与其它从句的比较
1.同位语从句与定语从句的比较
同位语从句与定语从句的比较需要注意三点:
(1)同位语从句前的名词叫做中心词,同位词从句对其起阐释,补充及说明作用:而定语从句前的名词叫做先行词(Antecedent),定语从句对其仅起修饰作用。
(2)在同位语从句中的that不担任句子成分,仅起连接作用;而定语从句中的that为关系代词,在句中要担任句子成分,如作宾语,则可省去。
(3)定语从句里的关系词when,where,who与前面的先行词均有对应关系。如,关系代词who前的名词指人,关系副词when,where,及why前分别是表示时间、地点及原因(reason)的名词;而引接同位语从句时,这些词与前面的名词不存在上述的对应关系。如:
He is a man(that)you can safely depend on.(定语从句)
他是个你能放心依赖的人。
I have a belief that you can safely depend on him.(同位语从句)
我坚信你尽可放心地依赖他。
Let's think of a situation where this idiom can be used.(定语从句)
咱们来想一个可以使用这一习语的场合。
We have no notion where this idiom can be used.(同位语从句)
我们不知道这个习语能用于什么场合。
I shall never forget the day when we firstmet.(定语从句)
我永远不会忘记我们初次相识的日子。
Do you still have a vivid recollection when we first met?(同位语从句)
你可还清楚地记得我们初次相识的日子?
2.同位语从句与其它名词性从句及状语从句的比较
同位语从句前有一名词作中心词。而其它名词性从句及状语从句前则没有。下面以where和whether为例进行比较:
where:
I wonder where she comes from.(宾语从句)
我想知道她来自何方。
Put the guide-book where we can all see it.(状语从句)
把指南放在我们都能看得到的地方。
That's where you're mistaken.(表语从句)
这就是你的错误所在。
Where he lives is unknown to us.(主语从句)
他住在何处我们不知道。
I had no notion where he went(同位语从句)
我不知他去了哪里。
whether:
She was undecided whether she could accept his offer.(宾语从句)
她尚未决定是否接受他的馈赠。
Whether it rains or shines,we will have outdoor sports tomorrow.(状语从句)
不管是下雨还是天晴,我们明天都要进行户外运动。
The thing is to be settled on now is whether anything can be done to save this little tiger.(表语从句)
现在要决定的问题是能不能做点什么来拯救这只小老虎。
Whether he will join us won't make too much difference.(主语从句)
他是否与我们联手谋事不会有太大的区别。
The suggestion whether we should set up a company needs great consideration.(同位语从句)
我们是否要成立公司这个提议需要慎重考虑。