语法公开课：镜头与赏析——以《牛津高中英语》模块6 Unit 3“虚拟语气”为例，本文主要内容关键词为：牛津论文,为例论文,语法论文,公开课论文,语气论文，此文献不代表本站观点，内容供学术参考，文章仅供参考阅读下载。
在传统的英语语法教学中，教师往往对语法分析比较重视，而对语篇理解、语境呈现不够重视，这导致学生经过多年的英语学习，仍不能综合运用所学语言进行交际，尤其是听说语用能力未能同步发展。如何提高英语语法课的效率，一直是我思考的问题。2012年12月24日，南京外国语学校仙林分校张雪琴老师的一节语法公开课，带给我许多启发和感悟。
这节公开课的主题是虚拟语气（译林版《牛津高中英语》模块6 Unit 3）。在课堂上，张老师利用圣诞节这个话题，巧设语境、妙用语篇，让学生感悟、理解和活用虚拟语气各知识点，激发了学生学习的兴趣，提高了语法课的效度。张老师是这样循序渐进地完成教学目标的：
一、导入：在自由交谈中
【镜头1】
张老师首先利用当天是圣诞节前夜这个契机，与学生进行自由交谈，从而自然地导入了语境：
师 It's Christmas Eve tonight.If you are free,what will you do?
生 If I am free tonight,I will…
师 If you were Santa Claus,what would you do tonight?
生If I were Santa Claus,I would…
师 Is it possible that you are free tonight? It is a real condition,so we use present tense in "if" clause and simple future tense in the main clause.Is it possible for you to be Santa Claus? Obviously,it's impossible,so this condition is unreal.When talking about something that is imaginary or not real,we use special verb forms.We call these unreal conditionals.
张老师利用圣诞节这个话题，创设了具有真实交际意义的语境，通过真实情境与虚拟情境的对比，引出了虚拟条件句，既激发了学生的表达欲望，又将学生的语法意识带入了生活之中。这样的课堂导入开门见山、简洁明了、真实有效。
除利用传统节假日外，教师还可利用日常饮食、校园生活、流行电影、影星、歌曲、歌星、球星、动漫人物、视频节目等贴近学生生活的流行元素和适合目标语法的链式情境，创设近似真实的情境语境，把语言的形式、意义和用法有机巧妙地结合起来，激发学生交际运用的愿望。这样，在似乎信手拈来却又恰如其分的语境中，教师能让学生“润物细无声”地习得语法，实现英语语法有效教学的目标。
二、操练：在话题语篇中
【镜头2】
在巧妙导入课堂后，张老师围绕“圣诞节假期的旅行计划”这个话题，与学生展开对话，并引导学生操练与现在事实相反的虚拟语气的语法结构：
师 Do we have a Christmas holiday in China?
生 No,we don't.But we really want one.
师 So do I.If I had a Christmas holiday now,I would visit Australia.If you had a Christmas holiday now,where would you like to go?
生 If I had a Christmas holiday now,I would visit France.
师 I would go to visit Australia.If I were in Australia now,I would go surfing.What about you?
生 If I were in France,I would enjoy French cuisine.
生 If I were in America now, I would go shopping,because a friend told me that many shops give discounts during the Christmas holidays.
师 What's the structure of the unreal present conditionals ?
生 I think it's "If I were/had...,I would do..."
生 We should use past tense in "if" clause,and if the subject "I" is followed with "be",we need to use "were".
接着，张老师在对话中自然过渡到与过去事实相反的虚拟语气语法现象，并引导学生操练与过去事实相反的虚拟语气的语法结构：
师 You see，life is not always perfect.We cannot have everything we want.Even President Obama has regrets.Last Christmas,he was so busy that he missed the family party.If he had been free last Christmas,he wouldn't have missed the family party.If he had spent Christmas with his daughters last year,would they have been happy?
生 If he had spent Christmas with his daughters,they would have been very happy.
师 I also have regrets.My students in Finland invited me to spend Christmas with them.But I had no holiday.If I had been free last Christmas,I would have visited Santa's village.
师 What would you have done if you had been free last Christmas?
生 If I had been free last Christmas,I would have gone to visit my grandparents.
生 If I had been free last Christmas,I would have taken part in a model plane competition.
最后，引导学生在讨论中操练与将来愿望相反的虚拟语气：
师 As we know,tomorrow will be Christmas.If it were not Christmas but the end of the world tomorrow,what would happen to people?
生 If the houses all over the world collapsed tomorrow,people would be buried.
生 If the houses all over the world were to collapse tomorrow,people would be buried.
生 If the houses all over the world should collapse tomorrow,people would be buried.
张老师通过圣诞节这一话题主线，在虚拟的语境中逐步引出现在、过去和将来的虚拟条件句的用法；一根话题主线串起了虚拟条件句的三种形式，并让学生一步步地操练归纳语法结构。一开始，张老师通过与学生的自由交谈，在圣诞节的语境中讨论现实中不可能发生的事情，自然而然地将虚拟语气运用于与现在事实相反的情况中。接下来，张老师引入“令奥巴马后悔的一件事”这个话题，先通过自己的表述为学生示范，再让学生体会到语境发生的细微变化，从而渗透与过去事实相反的虚拟语气语法现象，可谓一气呵成。最后，过渡到与将来愿望相反的虚拟语气时，张老师话锋一转，从圣诞节导向“世界末日”，将语法现象巧妙代入了当下的热点话题，使学生在热烈的讨论中感知语法，主动思索虚拟语气的使用方法，一举多得。
三、巩固：在精选语篇中
【镜头3】
在完成虚拟语气语法结构的教学后，张老师要求学生当堂完成课本（译林版《牛津高中英语》模块6）第40页上的对话填充练习：
Ye Fei asks Ma Li for help on his homework.Fill in each blank with the correct form of the verb in brackets.
Ye Fei:Ma Li,can you give me a quick summary of what you have found out about habits and customs in different countries?
Ma Li:It is quite interesting.I learnt that expectations at weddings can be quite different.If you ________（attend）a wedding in Korea,there ________（be）chickens at the ceremony.
Ye Fei:Really? That seems crazy.
Ma Li:There are interesting wedding customs in some other Asian countries too.If you ________（go）to a wedding in Brunei,you ________（see）men sitting in one group and women in another...
对话填充练习完成之后，张老师要求学生阅读第41页上的一篇短文，完成有关虚拟语气倒装句的练习。
有效的语法教学应从单句、简单语篇情境控制性练习转向开放式语篇练习。之前的导入、操练大多限制在句子或上下文语篇层面，而这部分的教学既包括了教材40页上的对话练习，也包括了41页上的语篇阅读，练习难点突出，难度更高。学生通过完成两个语篇练习，能更好地巩固虚拟语气的用法，在较长的开放语篇中，他们可以从比较的角度、综合运用的角度内化现在、将来和过去的虚拟句的规则，自然引出虚拟条件句倒装的几种形式，也丰富拓展了虚拟语气的表达形式。
需要指出的是，教材所选的材料是编写者挖掘教材内涵、整体设计的单元练习，这些材料由易到难，由控制型到开放型，各种手段的练习指向目标教学内容，兼顾知识综合和学生兴趣，是编写者根据教学目的和教材体系精心所选。明智的教师应充分利用教材中的语篇，让学生融入其中的语境，回归课本。这样做，省时、省力且高效。
四、运用：在小组合作中
【镜头4】
为了增加操练的趣味性以及不脱离Christmas这一主线，张老师安排学生就近自由组合，用抽签的方式要求学生用虚拟语气完成下面其中一个任务：
1.Make a dialogue:Love you forever
2.Have an interview
3.2013 Christmas plan
以第3个任务“2013 Christmas plan”为例，学生踊跃参与，激发出多样的新异联想：
生 If I were the host of this party,I would organize it in the open air at Christmas.Should it rain that day,we would have it at the school auditorium just in case.A big Christmas tree will be taken into account.Without lovely colorful lights flickering on and off,there would be no feelings of festival.However,it is necessary that we should put some beautifully-packaged gifts under the Christmas tree.
生 My dear friends,welcome to the fantastic Christmas party held here.Without their hard work,this party would not have been so successful.If they had not put so much time and energy into the preparation,how could we have been enjoying such a fabulous celebration of Christmas?
张老师通过小组合作的方式，深入圣诞节这一语境，引导学生在反复接触和运用语言的过程中逐步体会和感知语言的规律。这一课堂活动设计深受学生的欢迎，学生边玩边学，形成竞争，课堂气氛也因有了思考、讨论和交流变得活跃灵动起来。这一步承前启后，以旧带新，变输入为摄入，循序渐进地引导学生在理解的基础上达到熟练的程度，可以提升学生综合运用目标语法的能力，在输出过程中检验、修正和强化，培养语感。
新课程倡导“自主、合作、探究”的学习方式，充分的小组合作促进了生生、师生、师生与书本之间的多项互动，协商调整，集思广益，学有“新”得；有利于学生自我评价，学会学习，认识自我，树立自我；有利于活跃课堂气氛，全员参与，在开放合作的语法语用中，体验各自的成功；有利于发挥学生的主体性，提高学生的语法语用水平。