谈谈听力训练与听力测试,本文主要内容关键词为:听力论文,测试论文,此文献不代表本站观点,内容供学术参考,文章仅供参考阅读下载。
九年义务教育英语教学大纲指出,“考试、考查既要有笔试,也要有口试和听力考试”。1995年山东省教育委员会关于改进中学外语教学的意见中也指出,“今后中学生期末考试时,外语测试要进行笔试、听力测试和口试。”并就试题结构提出了意见(具体内容见上期)。
我国开始使用JEC教材刚刚两年,对学生进行听力理解测试,还是刚刚开始,教师和学生都需要一个适应过程。从根本上说,学生听力测试成绩的提高,是建立在扎扎实实地做好听力训练工作的基础上的。只有从平时每一堂课、每一个教学环节做起,才能切切实实地提高学生的实际听力水平。
听力训练可以分成两种:一种是单项的听音、辨音能力的训练,另一种是听力综合理解能力的训练。听音、辨音能力是听力综合理解能力训练的基础,听力综合理解能力则是听音、辨音能力的提高。下面分两部分来讨论单音听、辨能力和综合理解能力的训练与测试。
开始进行听力训练时,要特别加强单项听辨能力的训练,这直接关系到以后学生对句子的听和理解。教师可以自己编写一些单项的听音、辨音训练的习题,选择本单元的重点和难点,选择学生容易听错、容易混淆的音,提供给学生进行听音、辨音训练。单项听辨训练的速度不可太慢,每个听辨项目最多听两遍。
在听音辨音训练中,利用最小音差一对词是最常用的一种练习形式。例如,许多学生在念单词时,常常把含有双元音[ai]的词读成单元音[]。这样在听音时也容易出错。教师除了要向学生讲清发音原理并反复训练学生朗读外,还可以设计一组含有这两个元音的词,让学生进行听音、辨音训练。
[ai][]
bikeback
finefan
sidesad
fightfat
对这两栏词,教师可让学生反复地听、体会、辨别,掌握其差异,最后学生自己能正确地区别和朗读。据此,在听力测试中我们可以设计出下列题型:
1.两个词一组听词辨音:教师念出许多对词,让学生指出哪一对单词音是相同的(S),哪一对是不同的(D)。这种练习可以口头做,也可以书面做,在卷子上图出答案。
学生听到的单词在试卷上划出答案
①ship sheep①S(D)
②man men
②S(D)
③eat eat
③(S)D
2.3个词一组听词辨音:这种题型增加了难度,减少了猜测的程度,可用于正式的听力测试中。
学生听到的单词在试卷上划出答案
①ship ship sheep①(1)(2)3
②man men man②(1)2(3)
③it eat eat ③1(2)(3)
④fine fan fan
④1(2)(3)
3.在语境中听词辨音:这种题型又可分为两种。第一种是把最小音差一对词插进具有完整意义的句子中。例如:
学生听到的句子 在试卷上划出答案
①It's a very large sheep. ①(A)sheep B.ship
②The two boys fought
②A.thought (B)fought very hard.
③I've got a white coat.
③(A)coat B.goat
另一种在语境中听词辨音的题型是除了把最小音差一对词设计到句子中之外,另外再设计两个发音近似,给句子以完整意义的干扰项。提供四个答案就增加了辨音答题的难度。
学生听到的句子 在试卷上划出答案
①Can you tell me whose ①(A)card B.cart card this is? C.car D.cat
②He was called last ②A.cold B.caught night.
(C)called D.told
③I can't remember the
③A.past B.pass path now.
C.bath (D)path
辨别单音的训练对提高初学英语学生的听力水平非常有效,这为培养学生听力综合理解能力打下了坚实的基础。
听力综合理解测试题型是检验学生综合理解所听语言材料的能力。在听、理解的过程中,大脑要同时综合处理语言、词汇和语法三个方面的语言信号。通过检查学生对这些信号所作出的反应,可以判断学生从中获取了哪些信息。
开始训练学生时,可采取“听(listen)-做(do)”的方式。老师发出指令,让学生听后做出相应的动作来检验学生是否理解了老师发出的语言信号。如:
Please give me your red pencil.
Take out your maths book.
在设计书面做的听句子理解句意的测试题型时,我们把所要听的句子设计成两种形式。一种题型的题干是问句,后接四个答案。如:学生听到"When did he come here?"
试卷上有四个答案:A.By train. B.Yes,he did.
C.To study history. (D)Last night.
问句是由各种形式的be、do或情态动词引导的一般问句或特殊问句。分散学生注意力的词应尽量听上去真实、自然,这样会诱使学生接收错误的语言信号,从而能真实地反映学生的听力理解水平。如:
例句1 Is Jane a teacher like her father?
A.No,the teacher doesn't like her.
B.Yes,Jane likes him very much.
(C)No,Jane is a doctor.
D.Yes,her father is a teacher.
在这个问句中,"like"是个介词,意思是“象一样”但它有可能被学生理解成“喜欢”因此我们设计了A、B这两个答案。答案D则可能引导学生误认为这个问句是在询问她父亲的情况。在设计四个答案时,要尽量注意肯定答案和否定答案保持平衡。
例句2 Do you know where Tom's sister is now?
A.Yes,I've know her for many years.
B.He is in Shanghai.
C.Yes,I know him very well.
(D).She's in Baijing.
这句话比较简单,但能引起三种误解:第一种是Do you know Tom?第二种是Do you know Tom's sis-ter?第三种是Do you know whereTom is now?片面地听和理解,学生都会错误地选择答案A、B或C。
例句3 Must I wear my coat when we go to the restauranttonight?
A.I don't know where.
B.At eight o'clock.
C.Yes we'll go tonight.
(D).I really think you should.
这句话比较长,听力差的学生可能会对这句话的其中某个部分作出反应。如"Where is my coat?""When do we go?/""Do we go to therestaurant tonight?"等。
例句4 How much time will you have to spend in Nanjing?
A.About a hundred dollars.
B.Yes,I'll have the time.
(C).Just two days.
D.Yes,I must.
这是一个特殊问句。听到"How much…will you have to spend……?",听力差的学生可能会考虑这句话是在谈论“钱”。听到Will you have(time)to,学生也有可能认为这是问“你有没有时间……?”
书面做的听句子理解句意的测试题型的第二种型式,题干是陈述句。通过陈述句,我们可以测验学生对许多概念的听力理解能力。
1.表示“数目”概念
在测验“数目”概念时,学生除了要听清讲话人谈论的数字外,还要听清楚象half,twice等这一类的关键词。出题人往往在这些词上做文章,检查学生是否听清并理解了句子的真实含义。
例句1 There were forty seats in the bus,but only half ofthem were taken.
(A).There were 20 passengers.
B.There were 30 passengers.
C.There were 40 passengers.
D.There were 60 passengers.
例句2 We expected 10 people,but twice as many showed up.
A.Only 10 people came.
(B).20 people came.
C.We expected 20 people to come.
D.We had invited 20 people.
2.表示“时间”概念
在表达时间这一类的句子中,如果句中提到两个时间,一定要注意这两个时间之间的时间差;还要注意象noon和midnight这样的词可以表示中午12点和半夜12点。
例句1 Bob left at noon and Pam left 30 minutes later.
A.Pam left first.
(B).Pam letf at twelve thirty.
C.Bob left at 1 o'clock.
D.Bob left at 2 o'clock.
例句2 The train was due to arrive at midnight,butit washalf an hour late.
A.The train arrived at twelve o'clock.
(B).The train arrived at twelve thirty.
C.The train arrived at one o'clock.
D.The train arrived at on thirty.
3.表示“比较”概念
在表示比较关系的陈述句中,要弄清对比的双方和在什么方面进行比较,才能着手做题。
例句1 When I was in college,I preferred histo-ry toscience.
A.I liked science better than histroy.
(B).I liked history better than science.
C.I liked neither science nor histroy.
D.I liked science as much as histroy.
例句2 Maths is easier for me than physics.
(A).I do better in maths.
B.I do better in physics.
C.Physics is harder.
D.Physics is as easy as maths for me.
4.表示“否定”的概念
在英语中,除了"not"和"no"表示否定含义之外,还有其他的表达方式,如refuse,decline,fail to do,hardly等。如:
例句1 Bill declined Jack's offer of money.
(A).Bill wouldn't accept Jack's offer of money.
B.Bill woldn't offer Bill any money.
C.Jack wouldn't offer Bill any money.
D.Jack wouldn't take Bill's money.
例句2 Susan could hardly find a seat in the dark theatre.
A.Susan found a hard seat in the dark.
B.Susan couldn't take a seat.
C.Susan coule find a seat in the dark.
(D).Susan had some difficulty finding a seat.
5.名词修饰名词所表达的概念
在含有名词修饰名词的结构中,要弄清这种结构的中心词是哪个,修饰词又是哪个,究竟是谁修饰谁。如:
例句1 I'm sorry,but I asked for a butter knife,not a soupspoon.
A.I asked for some butter.
(B).I asked for a knife.
C.I asked for some soup.
D.I asked for a spoon.
例句2 He is pointing to the hour hand,not the second hard.
A.He is pointing to the first hand.
B.He is pointing to the second hand.
(C).He is pointing to the hour hand.
D.He is pointing to our hand.
上面我们讨论了听力训练和听力测试的一些问题。学生要取得良好的听力考试成绩,教师除了对学生进行听音、辨音和听句子、理解句意的训练之外,还要训练学生集中注意力听清所谈内容,细心品味说话的人语气、意思,不可没听完句子就急于做题。