惯用法中的if从句，本文主要内容关键词为：从句论文，此文献不代表本站观点，内容供学术参考，文章仅供参考阅读下载。
在英语中，许多词、句都有习惯的固定搭配和用法，但这样的惯用法又往往很难从语法书或词典中找到。if从句就是其中一例。如何正确理解、使用它，对英语学习者来说并非易事。本文将介绍if从句在四种惯用法中的理解、运用与翻译技巧。
一、用于强调的if从句(emphatic if-clause)
1．if从句内含（不定冠词＋）"day,hour"强调时间；"man'’强调人数："inchy,ard"等强调长度；"cent,penny”强调金额；"ounce"强调重量。常用if a day等省略形式。翻译时可译为“的确”、“至少”。
He's on the right side of thirty if he is a day.他的确有30岁了。
She's five and sixty if she's an hour.
她至少有六十五岁了。
The alterations in the house cost full 5,000 dollars if they cost a penny.
这房屋的改建花了足足五千元。
That necklace was a good 500g if it was an ounce.
那条项链确实足有500克。
2．if从句与ever连用
if从句与ever连用，有时可以理解为"if it is the fact that…",表示强调，翻译时可译为“真的”、“的确”。
If I ever saw a man plainly and distinctly in the world,I saw him.
如果说我在这世界上曾清楚明白地看见过一个人的话，我就看见了他。
(This sentence tells us:it is the fact that I once saw him clearly.)
If ever a youth was cordially admired and hated by his companions,this one was.
如果有哪位年轻人既受同伴爱戴、又遭他们憎恨的话，就是这一位。
(It means:it is the fact that the young man is both admired and hated by his companions.)
If ever a woman got what she wanted just in the nick of time,that woman did.
如果有哪位女人能在恰到好处的时候得到她想要的东西，就是她。
(It shows that it is the fact that that woman could get what she wanted at the proper time.)
3．有些if从句的主句可以表达强调，可理解为"but"、"or"、"and"。
If her mouth was rather large…everybody allowed that her smile was charming.
虽说她的嘴巴略大了一点，可大家都承认她的微笑是迷人的。
二、省略的if从句(elliptical if-clause)
if+adjective结构，在比较正式的文体中常常用于省略。它表示对比、例外或让步，可理解为"although"或"even if"。
it is an interesting,if untenable,argument.
这个论点虽站不住脚，却很有趣。
The house had long if narrow gardens at the back.
这些房子的花园虽窄，但却很长。
The price,if a little higher than last year's,is still acceptable.
价格虽然比去年稍高一点，但还可以接受。
She is a dear,cheerful girl,if limited.
她虽然学识有限，却是一个可爱又开心的女孩。
2．nothing if not…省略句
该句型为双重否定，多用于口语，表强调、肯定（后接形容词时意为"extremely;very"）
She is nothing if not sharp.
她非常厉害。
He was nothing if not good-natured.
他脾气很好。
He is nothing if not a poet.
他是个地道的诗人。
3．if anything…省略句
if anything是if there is anything的省略，表达一种没有把握的看法，或用于否定话语之后，表示所说的是反语，可译成“如果有什么”、“更像是”或“不如说是”。
Conditions had,if anything,worsened.
如果有什么事的话，那就是情况已经恶化了。
(If there was anything,conditions had worsened.)
If anything,you ought to say"sorry"to him.
如果说你要做点什么的话，那就是该向他道歉。
(If you ought to do anything,you ought to say "sorry"to him.)
No.it isn't better,it's worse,if anything.
不，与其说更好，不如说更糟。
4．if not和if so
"if not"是"if it is not…"的省略，意为“要是不……”、“即使不……”；if so则表肯定。
He has killed four,if not five,of the enemy soldiers.
他即使没杀死五个敌人，也杀死了四个。
Where should I go,if not to the countryside?
要不是去乡下，我该去哪儿呢?
I'll be free tomorrow.If so,I may call on you.
明天我可能有空，如果有，我会拜访你。
三、if only和only if从句
1．if only从句常常用来表达对现实或未来的愿望，或表达与过去事实相反的愿望，可译为“只要”、“但愿”。
If only it clears up,we'll go.
只要放晴，我们就去。
We shall over-fulfill our quota if we only do our best.
只要尽力而为，我们就会超额完成指标。
If only I knew what he thought.
要是知道他想什么就好了。
If only you would listen to reason.
你要是听得进道理就好了。
2．only if从句可理解为"only on condition that…",译成“只要”、“只有”，用于句首时，主句的主谓要倒装。
Only if a boss has given permission is a worker allowed to enter this room.
只有老板同意，工人才能进入这个房间。
The Third World countries will resist the imperialist menace only if they find a way to assure their prosperity and safeguard their liberty.
只要第三世界国家能设法保证他们的繁荣和捍卫它们的自由，它们就可以抵御帝国主义的威胁。
四、if+will(would)
一）if+will
1．if+will从句中的will在现代英语里表示主语的意志，意思是"be disposed to"、"be willing to"或"choose to";if you will有时表示客气的请求。
Her real name,if you will believe me,is Mary Ann Evans.
如果你愿意相信我的话，她的真名叫玛丽·安·埃文斯。
If you will be kind enough to fill in this form,I'll have your luggage brought in.
请填一下这张表，我会叫人把您的行李拿进来的。
If you will have it so,I have nothing to say against it.
假如你决心这样做，我没有什么反对的话说。
2.在类似"if it will suit you…"等句子里。will则是另一种用法，可理解为"if you think it suits you."
I will come at 5 if it will suit you.
如果你认为合适的话，我五点来。
I should like to try farming if it won't cost too much.
如果不需要太多的资金的话，我想试一试耕种。
二）if+would
虚拟语气的would表示主语的决心，可从三方面理解：
1．与现在情况相反：
You could see it,if you would.
如果你愿意的话，你能了解的。
(You don't see,because you will not see.)
I could do so,if I would.
如果我愿意的话，我是能那样做的。
2．对于对方的意图不确定，表示盼望的意味：
If you would grant my request,I should esteem it a great favor.
如果你愿意批准我的请求，我将认为这是极大的关怀。
3．if you would=if you wish to
If you would be successful in literature,spend much more time on it.
你如果希望在文学方面取得成功的话，那就多花点时间在上面。
If you would understand a nation,you must know its language.
如果你打算了解一个国家，你必须精通该国的语言。
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