Undiminished in Value
By Su Hao & Su Anchao
On their 65th anniversary, the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence remain relevant
Since it was founded in 1949, the People’s Republic of China (PRC) has been seeking to build a fair and equitable international economic and political order. For that, in 1953,China proposed the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, which have been acknowledged by the rest of the world as the basis for international relations.
This year marks the 65th anniversary of the five principles that have withstood the Cold War and the turbulent period which followed. In the 21st century, they have become more vital to preserve the stability of the international order and promote peace and development.
The genesis
After the PRC was founded, other newly independent countries such as India and Myanmar, then called Burma, although following a social system different from China’s, did not want to follow the West and regard China as an enemy. Instead,they hoped to engage in trade and develop bilateral relations with China.
To create a sound environment for development, Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai propounded the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence during his meeting with a delegation from India in December 1953.The five principles are mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, mutual non-aggression, non-interference in each other’s internal affairs, equality and mutual bene fit, and peaceful coexistence.
In April 1954, the five principles were written into the preface to the Agreement on Trade and Intercourse Between the Tibet Region of China and India as a guideline for bilateral relations.
During Zhou’s visits to India and Myanmar in 1954, China issued joint statements with the two countries, affirming their commitment to following the five principles among themselves as well as with other countries in the world.
On the other hand, international society has entered a turbulent period, characterized by challenges and contradictions, an increasing gap between developed and developing countries, and regional conflicts.Some major Western countries are pursuing hegemony and power politics, and antiglobalization and populism are on the rise.Peace still eludes the world.
The five principles have changed power politics based on the perception that strong nations can dominate weak ones and provided a new direction to build an international society.
China believes in harmony without uniformity, peace among all nations and nonaggression. The inclusive Chinese culture therefore advocates harmonious coexistence with other countries. In the Chinese view, the world means unity in diversity.This cultural tradition is significant for establishing norms for international relations today.
The key elements of the five principles,mutual benefit and coexistence, demonstrate Asian countries’ new expectations for international relations and the principle of international rule of law that gives countries rights, obligations and responsibilities.
Mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity is a precondition of bilateral relations, and mutual non-aggression and non-interference in each other’s internal affairs guarantee that. Equality and mutual benefit are the direct results of this and peaceful coexistence is the general principle, which indicate coexistence and common prosperity are achievable in a diverse world.
The current scenario
Although China has developed rapidly over the past 40 years since the reform and opening-up policy was implemented and its international status has improved signi fi-cantly, it has stayed on the path of peaceful development.
他们又回到以前的状况。那个丢人的解决办法行之无效，哥俩都经不住诱惑，干了欺骗的勾当。该隐的幽灵在游荡——但是尼尔森兄弟之间的感情深厚无比——有谁说得清他们共同经历过的艰难危险！——他们宁愿把激怒发泄在别人头上。发泄在一个陌生人，在狗，在替他们带来不和的胡利安娜身上。
1.3 评定标准 分别于治疗前及治疗4周后，采用Lysholm膝关节评分量表[5]对患者疗效进行评定， 评定内容包括跛行(5分)、下蹲(5分)、 需要支持(5分)、 肿胀(10分)、 交锁(15分)、 上下楼梯(10分)、 不稳定(25分)、 疼痛25分)，满分为100分。采用视觉模拟评分(Visual Analogue Scale，VAS)来评定患者膝关节疼痛[6]：分值范围为0～10分，0分表示无痛，10分表示想象中的最剧烈疼痛。
Against this background, a fair and rational new international relationship has to be built among countries following the five principles for peace and development.
借助本院自行制定的满意调查问卷,评估患者对护理工作满意程度,问卷得分0-100分,90以上为非常满意,低于80为不满意,80-89之间为满意。通过HAMA、HAMD评分评估患者焦虑、抑郁情况,得分0-10分,分数越高焦虑、抑郁情绪越严重。
Countries should respect each other’s sovereignty and territorial integrity, the most basic core principle. However, the U.S.arbitrary recognition of Israel’s sovereignty over the Golan Heights not only violates the international consensus that this area is Syrian territory occupied by Israel but also adds turbulence in the Middle East.The international community needs to prevent armed conflicts by safeguarding territorial sovereignty.
首先，将科研成果转化纳入科研成果评价体系，并与绩效奖励、职称评聘、科研奖项的评比等挂钩，保证评价指标多样化，打破“唯项目、唯论文”。
Moreover, countries should observe the principle of mutual non-aggression in efforts to maintain world peace and stability. At the beginning of 2019, a fresh military conflict erupted between India and Pakistan, as India claimed that Pakistan should be responsible for a terrorist attack within Indian-controlled Kashmir. The protracted conflict has heightened the tension in the region.
A political crisis recently broke out in Venezuela. Some countries openly intervene in the oil-rich country’s internal situation by supporting the opposition leader and forcing the legitimate president to step down. This interference will not only fail to resolve Venezuela’s internal problems but exacerbate regional tensions.
Countries should maintain non-interference in other countries’ internal affairs,which is increasingly becoming the basic principle of international relations. The social system and development road chosen by every country based on their own circumstances must be respected. One country should not subvert other legitimate authorities for its own sel fish gains.
Disagreements and disputes between countries should be resolved through dialogue and not the use or threat of force.Security should be a common and universal concern with all countries championing common, comprehensive, cooperative and sustainable security, and respecting and ensuring one another’s security.
At the commemoration of the 60th anniversary of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence in June 2014, Xi reiterated that China will uphold sovereign equality, common security and common development.It will promote win-win cooperation, champion inclusiveness and mutual learning as well as uphold fairness and justice, which will enrich the five principles.
Diplomats from China, India and Myanmar visit a photo exhibition to commemorate the 60th anniversary of the initiation of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence in New Delhi, India, on June 11, 2014
The development of a diverse world relies on peaceful coexistence. Western powers have long tried to transform the world and impose their own social models on other countries. They have incited “color revolutions” in many developing countries and stirred instability in some regions.Countries should respect others’ differences and interests while pursuing their own and advancing interests common to all.
Promoter and observant
The world is undergoing major changes unprecedented in a century. On the one hand, developing countries have risen in groups with their interdependency deepening and the new tide of globalization continues to surge.
After the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) in 2012,China has followed the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence more pragmatically.It is guided by the principle of amity, sincerity, mutual bene fit and inclusiveness in deepening mutually bene ficial cooperation with its neighbors and seeks to ensure greater gains for others through its own development. With the Belt and Road Initiative proposed by President Xi Jinping in 2013, China hopes to achieve equal coordination and interconnection with other participating countries so that they can achieve common prosperity.
Equality and mutual benefit are the basis of friendly cooperation. In an increasingly unbalanced world facing a widening gap between the North and the South,countries should strengthen economic cooperation on the basis of equality to reap mutual benefit and win-win results. They should jointly develop an open world economy and fight trade protectionism in all forms to promote common development.
优化全额拨款事业单位的资产管理工作对于事业单位实现其价值有重要的意义，本文发现强化财务管理理念、建立固定资产问责制、严格资产对外投资活动以及构建预算和财务管理学结合的财务管理框架是重要的提高措施。希望这一系列的手段可以保障国有资产，提高资产使用效率。
Xi also emphasized that “hegemony or militarism is simply not in the genes of the Chinese.” “China neither interferes in other countries’ internal affairs nor imposes its will on others,” he said. “It will never seek hegemony no matter how strong it may become.”
(1)随着化学镀时间的增加，表面微观结构从纳米颗粒逐渐生长成类珊瑚状的结构，最终成为周期排列的枝晶结构。并且在硫醇修饰后，枝晶结构表面的接触角最大为169°。
如前文所述，新疆资源基础的路径系数达到了0.85，提升资源基础的转化利用能力，对于提升新疆农产品区域品牌竞争力有显著的作用。新疆农业资源虽然十分丰富且具有特色，为农产品区域品牌发展奠定了基础，但目前这些优势资源转化能力还有差距，主要表现为目标不明确、同质化现象严重等，因此要提高农产品区域品牌的竞争力，必须在保护资源环境的基础上，立足本身优势资源，挖掘特色资源潜力，发展的同时一定要坚持发展保护并重，保持新疆绿色天然优质的农产品特色。
In his report to the 19th CPC National Congress in 2017, Xi said, “China remains firm in its commitment to strengthening friendship and cooperation with other countries on the basis of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, and to forging a new form of international relations featuring mutual respect, fairness, justice and win-win cooperation.”
In the international arena, China upholds the five principles, seeks justice and opposes hegemony and interference in others’ internal affairs. It promotes talks to resolve international conflicts and seeks peaceful settlements on the basis of equality and respect.
For example, in the recent conflict between India and Pakistan, China called on the two countries to fully respect each other’s sovereignty and territorial integrity and seek a peaceful settlement to prevent the situation from escalating.
Moreover, China has established special envoys for the Middle East and Africa for the resolution of burning regional issues and implementing the five principles.
China has maintained and promoted the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence for 65 years. Today, as it is committed to developing new-type international relations and building a community with a shared future for humanity, the spirit of the five principles remains as relevant as ever.
妈妈说几个数字，或者一个词语、一句话，请孩子重复出来，内容可以越来越长。呵呵，别看这个游戏很简单，但是能够培养宝宝认真“听”的习惯，也会让宝宝乐此不疲。
Su Hao is a professor at the Diplomacy Department of China Foreign Affairs University and Su Anchao is a PhD student at the university
Copyedited by Sudeshna Sarkar
Comments to yulintao@bjreview.com
标签：the Diplomacy Department of China Foreign Affairs University论文; China Foreign Affairs University论文;