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在英语学习当中，很多同学对长句的理解感到困难，对短文的阅读感到棘手。探其原因，那便是没有清楚的句子结构概念，无法进行正确的句子分析。对中国学生来说，句子分析是英语学习的一个重要手段。通过分析句子结构，我们会对语言有更深刻更确切的理解，有很多长句、难句，当我们把其结构分析出来时，对文章的理解也就迎刃而解。句子分析是理解的关键，是理解的敲门砖。
一、句子的成分
句子由各个组成部分构成，这些组成部分叫做句子的成分。英语句子的成分主要有主语、谓语（或谓语动词）、表语、宾语、定语、状语、补语、独立成分等。例如：
The People's Republic of China was founded in 1949.
中华人民共和国成立于1949年。
（the People's Republic of China是主语，was founded是谓语，in 1949是时间状语。）
The weather was quite nice.
天气相当好。（The weather是主语，nice是表语，quite是状语。）
I need a quiet room to study in.
我需要一间安静的屋子进行学习。（need是谓语或谓语动词，room是宾语，quiet是定语，to study in是定语。）
Unfortunately,he had his watch stolen.
很不幸，他的表被偷了。
（Unfor tunately是独立成分，stolen是宾语补足语。）
二、句子分析
1)简单句的分析
The two Children had never been in London before,and were astonished at the crowds everywhere.
a.全句是一简单句。
b.主语是The two children.
c.该句有两个谓语。第一个谓语是had never been in London，第二个谓语是were astonished。
d.before和at the crowds everywhere是状语。译文：两个孩子从未来过伦敦，看到到处是人群，感到很惊讶。
To make the matter worse,there is a strong wind.
a.全句是一简单句。
b.主语是a strong wind.
c.谓语是there is.
d.to make the matter worse是独立成分。
译文：更糟糕的是起了一阵大风。
2)并列句的分析
Just at the moment,the school bell began to ring and the children all came out to play.
a.全句是一并列句。
b.just at that moment是时间状语，修饰两个并列的谓语动词
c.在第一个并列分句中：
i.主语是the school bell.ii.谓语是began.
iii.宾语是不定式to ring.
d.在第二个分句中：
i.主语是the children,all是主语的同位语。
ii.谓语是came out.
iii.不定式to play是目的状语。
译文：正在那时，学校的钟响了，接着孩子们都跑出来玩耍。
She met a bad storm about 500 miles from the United States coast and for two days she used no sails.
a.全句是一并列句。
b.在第一个并列分句中：
i.主语是she.ii.小谓语是met.
iii.宾语是a bad storm.iv.about 500 miles from the United States coast是状语，修饰谓语。
c.在第二个并列分句中：
i.主语是she.
ii.谓语是used.
iii.宾语是no sails.
iv.for two days是状语，修饰谓语。
译文：她在离美国海岸五百英里左右的地方遇到了风暴，有两天她都没有使用船帆。
3)复合句的分析
Though it was very cold,he went out without an overcoat.
a.全句是复合句.
b.Though it was very cold是让步状语从句
c.在主句中：
i.主语是he.
ii.谓语是went out.
iii.without an overcoat是状语，修饰went out.
译文：天气虽然很冷，但他没穿大衣就出去了。
She said she would work as a cook,and I told her that I would learn to be a carpenter.
a.全句是一并列复合句。
b，在第一个并列分句中：
i.she是主语
ii.said是谓语
iii.(that)she would work as a cook是宾语从句。
c.在第二个并列分句中：
i.I是主语。
ii.told是谓语。
iii.her是间接宾语。
iv.that I would learn to be a carpenter是宾语从句，充当间接宾语。
译文：她说她要当厨师，而我告诉她我要学木工。
He has discovered that how we deal with money in our day-to-day life has more meaning than we usually think.
a.全句是一复合句。
b.主语是He.
c.谓语是has discovered.
d.宾语是that引导的宾语从句（一直到句尾）。
e.在宾语从句中：
i.主语是how we deal with money in our day-to-day life.
ii.谓语是has.
iii.宾语是more meaning.
iv.than we usually think是比较状语从句。
译文：他发现，我们在现实生活中如何用钱有着比我们通常认为的更多的意义。
The present question is that many people consider impossible what is really possible if effort is made.
a.全句是一复合句。
b.主语是the present question.
c.谓语是is+that引导的表语从句（一直到句尾）。
d.在表语从句中：
i.主语是many people.
ii.谓语是consider.
iii.impossible what is really possible if effort is made是复合宾语结构。宾语是what is really possible if effort is made.宾语补足语是impossible.
iv.if effort is made是宾语中的条件状语从句，修饰what is really possible.
译文：目前的问题是，很多人把努一把力能做到的事看成是做不到的。
三、2001-2003年高考英语阅读理解难句分析
1)When Americans visit Europe for the first time,they usually find Germany more"foreign"than France because the German they see on signs and advertisements seems much more different from English than French does.（2001年阅读理解D）
a.全句是一复合句
b.When Americans visit Europe for the first time是时间状语从句。
c.在主句中：
i.主语是they.
ii.谓语是find.
iii.宾语是Germany.
iv.more"foreign"than France是宾语补足语。
d.because引导的从句一直到句尾，是原因状语从句。在该句中：
i.主语是the German.
ii.they see on signs and advertisements是定语从句，修饰the German.
iii.谓语是seems much more diffierent from English.
iv.than French does是比较状语从句。
译文：当美国人首次走访欧洲的时候，他们通常觉得德国比法国更有“洋味”，因为他们在标牌和广告上看到的德语似乎和英语大不相同，而不像法语那样，看上去和英语差别不大。
2)More married men than women named their wife/husband as a best friend,most trusted person,or the one they would turn to in time of emotional distress（感情危机）.（2001年阅读理解E）
a.全句是一复合句。
b.主语是More married men than women.
c.谓语是named.
d.宾语是their wife/husband.
e.as引导的介词短语（一直到句尾）是宾语补足语
f.在宾语补足语中，they would turn to in time of emotional distress（感情危机）是定语从句，修饰the one.
译文：把配偶看成是最好的朋友的已婚男子要多于已婚女子，他（她）们把对方看成是最可靠的人或者是在感情危机的时候他（她）会寻求帮助的人。
3)Whereas a woman's closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage,it wasn't unusnal to hear a man say he didn't know his friend's marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa.（2001年阅读理解E）
a.全句是一复合句。
b.Whereas a woman's closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage，是表对比的状语从句，不定式短语to tell her to leave a failing marriage是定语，修饰表语the first.
c.在主句中：
i.it是形式主语，不定式短语to hear...on the sofa.是真正主语。
ii.wasn't unusual是谓语
d.在不定式短语中to hear...on the sofa:
i.a man是hear的宾语，say he...on the sofa是宾语补足语。
ii.在宾语补足语say he...on the sofa中，he didn't know...on the sofa是动词say的宾语从句，until he...on the sofa是时间状语从句，修饰宾语从句的谓语出didn't know.
译文：一位妇女的女朋友或许就是第一个建议她离开失败婚姻的人。然而，一位男人通常会说，直到我朋友一天晚上来到我家问我他是否可以睡在沙发上，我才知道他的婚姻陷入了严重的危机。
4)Market research shows that Gold and others who buy organic food can generally give clear reasons for their prefefences-but their knowledge of organic food is far from complete.（2002年阅读理解B）
a.全句是一复合句。
b.主语是Market research.
c.谓语是shows.
d.宾语是that引导的宾语从句（一直到句尾）。
e.宾语从句包含两个并列分句。
在第一个分句中：
i.主语是Gold and others.
ii.who buy organic food是定语从句，修饰主语。
iii.谓语是can generally give.
iv.宾语是clear reasons for their preferences.
在第二个分句中：
i.主语是their knowledge of organic food.
ii.谓语是is far from complete
译文：市场研究表明，经常买天然食品的戈德及其他人能够大体上说出他们喜欢这类食品的原因，但是对天然食品的了解还远不够完全。
5)He found out that Kit Williams had spent his childhood near Ampt hill,in Bedfordshire,and thought that he must have buffed the hare in a place he knew well,but he still could not see the connection with Katherine of Aragon,until one day he came across two stone crosses in Ampthill Park and learnt that they had been built in her honor in 1773.（2002年阅读理解D）
a.全句是一复合句，整体结构由三个并列分句组成：
He found out...in Bedfordshire,
and thought that...knew well,
but he still could not...in 1773.
b.在第一个分句中：
i.主语是He.
ii.谓语是found out.
iii.宾语是宾语从句that Kit Williams...in Bedfordshire.
c.在第二个分句中：
i.主语是he（已省略）。
ii.谓语是thought.
iii.宾语是宾语从句that he must...well.
iv.he knew well是宾语从句中的定语从句，修饰介词短语中的名词a place.
d.在第三个分句中：
i.主语是he.
ii.谓语是still could not see.
iii.宾语是the connection with Katherine of Aragon.
iv.until one day...in 1773是时间状语从句修饰谓语still could not see，其中又包含两个并列分句：
he came across...in Ampthill Park
and learnt that...in 1773.
译文：他发现Kit Williams是在Bedfordshire的Ampthill附近度过童年时代的。于是，他认为Kit Williams肯定把“金兔”埋在他熟悉的某个地方。然而，直到有一天他在Ampthill公园里偶然发现两个石制十字架并获悉十字架是在1773年为纪念Katherine of Aragon所建时，他才明白了“金兔”和Katherine of Aragon之间的联系。
6)It was only after he had spent several nights digging around the cross that he decided to write to Kit Williams to find out if he was wasting his time there.（2002年阅读理解D）
a.全句是一复合句。
b.使用了强调句型It was...that...，强调时间状语从句only after he had spent several nights digging around the cross.
c.主语是he.
d.谓语是decided.
e.宾语是不定式短语to write to Kit Williams.
f.不定式短语to find out if he was wasting his time there是目的状语，表示to write to Kit Williams的目的。if he was wasting his time there是宾语从句，充当to find out的宾语。
译文：仅仅是在十字架周围挖掘了几个晚上之后，他才决定写信给Kit Williams以弄清楚他是否是在那里浪费时间。
7)First put forward by the French mathematician,Pierre de Fermat in the seventeenth century,the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds,including a French wolnan scientist who made a major advance in working out the problem,and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecole Polytechnique.（2003年阅读理解C）
a.全句是一复合句。
b.First put forward...century是过去分词短语，充当时间状语。
c.主语是the theorem.
d.谓语是had baffled and beaten.
e.宾语是the finest mathematical minds.
f.including a French woman...the Ecole Polytechnique.是现在分词短语和状语，起解释作用。在这个现在分词短语中：
i.including的宾语是a French woman scientist.
ii.who made...and who had to...at the Ecole Polytechnique.是两个并列的定语从句，修饰a French woman scientist.
译文：这个定理自从17世纪法国数学家Pierre de Fermat首先提出以来，就一直使一些最优秀的数学天才感到困惑，感到束手无策。这其中包括一位法国女科学家，她在解决这个难题方面取得了重大进步，并且女扮男装以求能在Ecole Polytechnique（法国—大学）里学习。
8)But in the last few years the trickle（涓涓细流）of foreign words has become a flood,and people fear the increasing use of foreign words is making it hard for the Japanese to understand each other and could lead to many people forgetting the good qualities of traditional（传统的）Japanese.（2003年阅读理解D）
a.全句是一复合句。
b.在第一个分句But in the last...a flood，中：
i.主语是the trickle of foreign words.
ii.谓语是has become.
iii.宾语是a flood.
iv.in the last few year是时间状语。
c.在第二个分句and people fear...of traditional（传统的）Japanese.中：
i.主语是people.
ii.谓语是fear.
iii.宾语是宾语从句the increasing use...traditional（传统的）Japanese.
在宾语从句中：
主语是the increasing use of foreign words.
谓语有两个：is making和could lead to.
is making的宾语是it，它是形式宾语，真正宾语是动词不定式的复合结构for the Japanese to understand each other,hard是宾语补足语。
could lead to的宾语动名词复合结构：many people forgetting the good qualities of traditional（传统的）Japanese.
译文：但是，在过去的几年里，外来词语由“涓涓细流”变成了“滔滔洪水”。人们担心外来词语的不断使用会使得日本人彼此很难听懂对方的意思，而且可能会导致很多人忘记传统日语的优良品质。
9) It is diffilcult to measure the quantity of paper used as a result of use of Internet-connected computers,although just about anyone who works in an office can tell you that when e-mail is introduced,the printers start working overtime.（2003年阅读理解E）
a.全句是一复合句。
b.主语是it，它是形式主语。真正主语是动词不定式短语to measure the quantity of paper used,used是过去分词作定语，修饰paper.
c.谓语是is difficult.
d.as a result of use of Internet-connected computers是介词短语充当原因状语。
e.although...working overtime.是让步状语从句。在该从句中：
i.主语是just about anyone.who works in an office是定语从句，修饰anyone.
ii.谓语是can tell.
iii.宾语有两个，间接宾语you和直接宾语（宾语从句）that when e-mail is introduced,the printers start working overtime.
在直接宾语（宾语从句）中：
when e-mail is introduced是时间状语从句，the printers start working overtime是主句。
译文：尽管在办公室里工作的几乎每个人都能告诉你，电子邮件出现后打印机就开始加班加点地运转，人们还是很难衡量由于和因特网连接的电脑的使用消耗掉了多少纸张。
10)Earlier this week Hewlett-Packard Co.announced a plan to develop new technologies that will enable people to print even more so they can get a hard copy of a business document,a medical record or just a one-line e-mail,even if they are nowhere near a compute.（2003年阅读理解E）
a.全句是一复合句。
b.Earlier this week是时间状语。
c.主语是Hewlett-Packard Co.
d.谓语是announced.
e.宾语是a plan.
f.动词不定式短语to develop...a computer.作定语，修饰a plan.
g.在动词不定式短语中：
i.new technologies作动词develop的宾语。
ii.that will enable...a computer.是定语从句，修饰new technologies.
so they can get...a one-line e-mail是定语从句中的目的状语从句，even if...a computer.是定语从句中的让步状语从句。
译文：这个星期的早些时候，Hewlett-Packard公司宣布了一项开发新技术的计划。有了这项技术，人们即便不在电脑附件也可以印制更多的东西，可以获得一份硬纸质的商业文件、医学记录或者一份网上电子邮件。
四、结束语
在分析句子时，大家要注意适可而止。分析的目的是为了更好地理解句子，因此在分析时只要能达到这个目的就行了。