Periphery, Peripheral Diplomacy and China's Frontier
By Xing Guangcheng, CASS Member and Director of China Frontier Research Institute
Abstract:China's frontier is closely related to its surrounding international environment. China's rise is not only inseparable from the rapidly developing and changing world, but also will profoundly affect the development and change of the world. China's rise is inseparable not only from the surrounding international environment, but also profoundly affect the surrounding international environment. It should be pointed out that the process of China's rise is related to the surrounding international environment, and a series of new situations and factors have emerged in China's border areas, whether land or sea calls for our great attention.
I. Changes of the International Environment in the Peripheral Areas and China's Foreign Policy
With the rising China, the international environment in the peripheral areas around China is constantly changing. On the one hand, the changes of the international environment in the peripheral areas around China have provided China with strategic opportunities for its continuous development, on the other hand, they have also brought great challenges.
Shaping a sound surrounding international environment is an important external factor for China's brilliant achievements in the past 40 years of reform and opening up. Creating a sound international environment, especially the surrounding international environment, is an important strategic choice for China's reform and opening up. China maintains good-neighborly and friendly relations with the vast majority of its land and sea neighbors, carries out mutually beneficial cooperation and treats each other on equal footing. For example, the sustained development of Sino-Russian relations and the establishment of a comprehensive strategic coordinate partnership have brought a safe, stable and harmonious external environment to the Northeastern frontier of China. Regional economic cooperation between China and Russia has become the most important content of the border contacts between the two countries. After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, China has established good-neighborly and friendly relations with Central Asian countries, and established strategic partnerships. China and its neighbors in South Asia and Southeast Asia have continuously developed good-neighborly and friendly relations, continuously carried out regional economic cooperation and cultural exchanges, and formed a community of interests with close relations. These conditions have created a sound and favorable international environment for China's reform, opening up and development. China and its neighboring countries jointly established the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, whose 2018 Qingdao Summit fully demonstrated that the organization has great potential for international regional cooperation and international appeal.
Meanwhile, we should also see that the international environment surrounding China is not calm. Two world-class global hot spots are situated close to China, namely, the situation on the Korean Peninsula and the situation in Afghanistan. Although they are different in nature, they all have a negative impact on the security, stability and development of relevant China's border areas. Therefore, easing the situation on the Korean Peninsula and restoring the peace process in Afghanistan are crucial to the security, stability and development of China's border areas. We should also see that in addition to the positive interaction between China and its surrounding international environment, there have also emerged some new challenges. So, China and its surrounding regions have entered a period of "rising turbulence and increasing contradictions", There are "some signs of deterioration in the surrounding security environment",1 and some challenges and risks are gradually accumulating.
From the perspective of national sovereignty, security and territorial integrity, China's coastal areas are facing more serious situations. In the South China Sea and East China Sea, the situation of safeguarding the rights and interests of the coastal areas is rather grim, and the problems of national sovereignty and the security of China's coastal areas are highlighted. China's maritime disputes with Japan, the Philippines and Vietnam need to be resolved, while other non-regional countries like the United States and others have make a fuss about the South China Sea and East China Sea disputes, using "freedom of navigation in the South China Sea" as an excuse to intervene forcefully and sow discord between China and its neighbors. In terms of stability of the frontier, the anti-separation struggle in Xinjiang and Tibet is rather serious and the task of maintaining stability is formidable. In the view of some countries, the link that can slow down China's rise lies in China's frontier areas. If China's frontier areas are in chaos, it will be possible to prolong the pace of China's rise. Therefore, some countries intensify their interference with China's frontier areas and continue to cook something aimed at interfering with China's development process. Along with the rising of China, the "China Threat Theory" in the neighboring countries has also further raised its head, and suspects about China have increased to varying degrees. It must be recognized that although China is on the path of rising, the great cause of reunification of the motherland has not yet been completed. At present, the separatist force of "Taiwan independence" remains the biggest threat to the reunification of the motherland. Therefore, the reunification of the motherland is a long-term strategic task that requires the joint efforts of compatriots across the Taiwan Straits.
旅游业的持续发展的前提条件是旅游资源的可持续利用，其基础是环境保护，关键是协调旅游业的发展和资源环境保护的关系，形成旅游业生态系统的良性循环。民族传统体育旅游资源开发的过程中，避免盲目的追求经济效益，过分商品化，加强对民族传统体育旅游资源开发的规划管理，提高对民族传统体育文化的保护和发展意识，形成有利于保护资源、降低成本的运营机制以及有利于资源优化配置的市场运行机制。云南民族传统体育旅游的持续发展，必须把民族传统体育旅游的开发和保护紧密集合起来，使民族传统体育旅游业成为与自然和谐发展的环保型产业[4]。
The shaping of the international environment surrounding China is inseparable from working with the world major powers. Since Trump assumed office as President of the United States, a series of new situations and problems have emerged in the Sino-U.S. relations. Although the United States no longer adheres to the "Asia-Pacific rebalancing" strategy, it has put forward the "Indo-Pacific strategy". Though the United States has withdrawn from TPP, it has made great efforts on unilateralism and to challenge China regarding trade frictions against the trend of globalization. In China's frontier areas, the United States has made constant moves, sending warships to provoke near the islands and reefs of the South China Sea and changing its tactics to support the "Xinjiang separatists" and "Tibetan separatists" force. With help of the doubts of some neighboring countries about China's rise, the United States has deeply intervened in the international affairs in regions around China and sow discord between China and its neighboring countries. Therefore, China must pay close attention to the various roles played by the United States in the construction of its international relations. Concerning the U.S. driving a wedge in the relations between China and its neighboring countries, China needs more to resolve differences and disputes with neighboring countries through political and diplomatic channels, and security thinking needs to be constantly developed and updated.
How a rising China should look at the world, especially its neighboring areas, is an unavoidable essential issue. "The rise of an emerging power itself means the expansion of its interests, so China's rise process is bound to face various challenges and difficulties, including both domestic factors and external influences, but the most important thing is to maintain a stable and peaceful neighboring environment. As long as we command well the overall situation, there will be no anti-China encirclement, and China will be able to avoid becoming a 'lonely major country'.2 "China is facing other neighboring countries through its border areas, so the construction of a harmonious border can not be separated from the surrounding international environment. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, China has paid more and more attention to the surrounding international environment and the development of peripheral diplomacy, and highlighted the important role of peripheral areas in China's development process and the overall diplomacy. In October 2013, the Central Committee of the CPC held a symposium on peripheral diplomacy, which is an important conference held by the CPC to carry out a sound peripheral diplomacy under the new situation, and is also quite rare in the history of CPC. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out, "Taking the path of peaceful development is a strategic choice made by the CPC in accordance with the trend of development of the times and the fundamental interests of our country. Maintaining peace and stability in the neighboring areas is an important goal of the peripheral diplomacy." This conference has identified the strategic objectives, basic principles and overall layout of the diplomatic work in the neighboring areas for the 5 to 10 years to come, and clearly defined the working ideas and implementation plans for solving major problems facing the diplomatic work in the surrounding areas. This meeting is an important conference for setting the tone for the diplomatic work in the neighboring areas of our country. The basic principles of China's peripheral diplomacy are adopted as follows: adhering to the principles of forging friendship and partnership with its neighbors, and the principles of maintaining harmony, security and prosperity with its neighbors, and highlighting the concepts of amity, sincerity, mutual benefits and inclusiveness. Developing good-neighborly and friendly relations with neighboring countries is a consistent policy of China's peripheral diplomacy. To sum up, there are the following main points: firstly, adhering to good-neighborliness and help each other; secondly, treating neighboring countries in good faith and striving for more friends and partners; thirdly, advocating the idea of inclusiveness.
How to look at the surrounding areas? From what perspective of looking at the surrounding areas? This neighboring diplomacy forum has given an answer. General Secretary Xi Jinping analyzed the surrounding regions from three dimensions of "geographical location", "natural environment" and "interactive relationship", thus drawing the conclusion that the surrounding areas are of great strategic significance to our country. He also clearly points out that there should be a three-dimensional, pluralistic and spanning time-space perspectives for thinking about the surrounding issues and developing peripheral diplomacy. "Three-dimensional", "pluralistic" and "spanning time-space" are also three dimensions, which require us to look at the periphery in an all-round way, from multiple perspectives, and with the insight of history and reality. From the above-mentioned multi-dimensional perspectives, President Xi concludes that "great changes have taken place in the neighboring environment, great changes have taken place in China's relations with neighboring countries, and China's economic and trade ties with neighboring countries are closer and more interactive than ever"; "China's surrounding environment is generally stable, and good-neighborly friendship and mutually beneficial cooperation are the mainstream of neighbors' relations with China."3 At the 2018 China Foreign Affairs Work Conference, General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized that we should establish a correct outlook on history, on the overall situation and on the role in commanding the international situation.4 The above-mentioned shows that China has formulated its own peripheral foreign policy and put its peripheral foreign policy in an important position in China's foreign policy in view of the new situation and problems arising in the international environment around China and along China's frontier.
From the perspective of China's domestic developments, China's 40-year reform and opening-up process has brought profound changes and improvements to China's frontier. More and more new questions and problems need to be studied and answered in depth for China's frontier. Both domestic and international factors clearly remind us that we need to focus on the new situations, new factors and new problems facing China's border areas, need to safeguard China's border security, stability and development, need to strengthen national unity in the border areas and improve the international environment surrounding China. The 19th National Congress of the CPC gives clear instructions on the frontier security and development: "We should accelerate development in the border areas to ensure their stability and security, and pursue coordinated land and maritime development, and step up efforts to build China into a strong maritime country.5
II. China's Frontier Development and International Regional Cooperation in Neighboring Areas
China's development requires a sound surrounding international environment, and naturally, the development of China's frontier also requires a sound surrounding international environment. China's biggest task is to solve the development problem, because China has a population of more than 1.3 billion. Without solving the development problem, the Chinese people will be unable to live a better life, which will bring about a series of prominent political and social problems. China's 40-year reform and opening-up policy is aimed at solving development problems. Now China has developed into the world's second largest economy, but the task of development is still very heavy, is still a developing country and an emerging market economy with per capita GDP ranking very low in the world. It should also be noted that, compared with the inland and coastal areas, the development task of China's frontier areas is even heavier and the task of poverty alleviation is more arduous. This requires us to continue to adhere to development, and to a scientific and sustainable development, so that we can no longer take the beaten road of development regardless of the ecological environment.
China has been rising, but has not expanded across its own borders to the detriment of the interests of neighboring countries. On the contrary, China has established mutually beneficial and cooperative relations with neighboring countries across its borders. President Xi Jinping emphasizes that Asian countries should respect and trust each other, pool similarities and assimilate differences, and cooperate for a win-win results. China wishes to provide neighboring countries with both opportunities and space for common development. All countries are welcome to get on board the express train of China's development. 6
2009年，程立生刚走马上任琼台师范学院党委副书记、校长，吴某甲便找上门来，要求承接该学校工程项目，并许诺给予好处费。
The development of frontier areas has become increasingly prominent, so a very important strategic measure to promote the development of frontier areas is to open up to the outside world in an all-round way. The 19th National Congress of the CPC further emphasizes that "we should promote the formation of a new posture of comprehensive opening up". Openness brings progress while closure inevitably holds one behind. China's opened doors will not be closed, but will only open wider and wider. We should focus on the construction of the Belt and Road, adhere to the principle of "bringing in and going global", abide by the principle of "extensive consultation, joint contribution and shared benefits", and strengthen the open cooperation and innovative capabilities, so as to form an open pattern of interaction between land and sea, between home and abroad, as well as mutual complementarity between the East and the West. Optimizing the layout of regional opening-up and intensifying the opening-up of China’s Western region, giving free trade pilot zones greater reform autonomy and exploring establishment of free trade ports.7 From the above-mentioned strategic layout of China's regional development, we can see that, firstly, China pays more attention to the linkage between land and sea, which is actually to co-ordinate land and sea space, and to co-ordinate land and sea space can not be separated from the integration of China's land and sea areas, which is actually to solve the economic integration of the inland, land border and sea border areas. Secondly, China attaches more importance to the integration and "mutual benefit" of the development of China’s Eastern and Western regions, especially to the organic integration of coastal opening and border opening. Thirdly, China pays more attention to the construction of "free trade ports". In his important speech on April 13, General Secretary Xi pointes out that Hainan Special Economic Zone is a vivid epitome of China's Special Economic Zones. The CPC Central Committee has decided to support the construction of a free trade pilot area throughout Hainan Island, and to support Hainan to gradually explore and steadily promote the construction of a free trade port with Chinese characteristics.8 This is not only a major event for Hainan Province, but also a reflection of China's overall strategic thinking of opening up.
Building the Belt and Road together is a new way of thinking and new mode for regional cooperation put forward by China, aims to excavate the historical value and practical significance of the ancient Silk Road, and gradually forms regional cooperation from point to surface, and from line to area. In ancient times, the Silk Road played a key role in the cultural exchanges between the East and the West. "These channels are the central nervous system of the whole world, linking all ethnic groups and regions, which are hidden under the skin and invisible to human eyes."9 Although the concept of the Silk Road was not invented by the Chinese, China did make a great contribution to the prosperity of the ancient Silk Road. For example, Tang-Fan Ancient Road had a great impact on the ancient Silk Road.10 In the 21st century, human beings have made substantial leap-frog in science and technology, but the infrastructure construction in Eurasia still lacks integrity and convenient connection of modern transportation. In order to realize the interconnection and interoperability of infrastructure between China and other countries, it is necessary to realize the real interconnection and interoperability between China's frontier and the inland. In a certain sense, China's border areas are important and crucial areas for China to promote the Belt and Road building. Xinjiang region is the core area of the Silk Road Economic Belt, while Fujian Province is the core area of the Marine Silk Road in the 21st Century. These indicate that China's land and sea frontier areas play a very important role in the construction of the Belt and Road.
注 2.2 文献[16]已经证明,F(X)上的度量H和H*是等价的,因此度量空间(F(X),H)与(F(X),H*)的性质是完全一致的。
3.2.3 非虚拟化场景(硬件解决方案)。虚拟化部分采用虚拟接入交换机作为SDN接入，非虚拟化部分采用硬件接入交换机作为SDN接入，其他组网方案设计和要求，与前面两种一致。
Since China's reform and opening-up, China's frontier areas have gradually implemented an all-round opening-up. China's frontier provinces and regions are enthusiastic about opening up, have actively planned and taken many measures to carry out economic and trade cooperation with their neighboring countries. However, from the overall effect, comparatively there is still a large potential difference between the regional cooperation of Northern frontier and Northeastern frontier areas with their neighboring countries, and the regional cooperation of Guangxi and Yunnan provinces with their neighboring countries. The border opening-up of the three Northeastern provinces in China is greatly influenced by the geopolitical environment. Heilongjiang Province is facing the Russian Far Eastern region. Although Heilongjiang Province has a high enthusiasm, the population situation and economic openness of the Russian Far East make the regional cooperation between China and Russia limited in all respects. Tumen River regional cooperation has long been favored by the international community, the United Nations has been actively promoting it, the Chinese academia has also paid special attention to it, some scholars even proposed that China should establish a "tangible multi-ring strategy", "Tumen River Development Zone" and "Northeast Asia Economic Cooperation Ring" among China, Russia and the DPRK.11 Jilin Province pays great attention to Tumen River regional cooperation. But so far, the Tumen River regional cooperation finds it hard to take a step, and is still facing many challenges and difficulties. Among them, "getting channels smoothly through”, which is the biggest bottle-neck, has perplexed the Tumen River regional cooperation and development process for a long time".12
In the process of China's gradual rising, some new situations have emerged in the frontier areas, such as the obvious downward trend of the economy in Northeast China. So how to revitalize the old industrial base in Northeast China has become an important task of the CPC and the government. At present, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council have adopted the practice of partnership assistance to Northeast China by developed coastal areas, aiming at promoting the development of Northeast China. The CPC Central Committee pays great attention to the development of frontier areas. The 19th National Congress of the CPC emphasized that "we should strengthen our support for accelerating the development of the old revolutionary base areas, ethnic minority areas, border areas and poor areas, intensify measures to promote the development of the western region to form a new pattern, deepen reform and speed up the revitalization of the old industrial bases such as the Northeast, give full play to our advantages and promote the rise of the central region, take the lead in innovation to realize the optimal development of the eastern region and establish a more effective regional coordinate new mechanism".13
假设X=(x(t),y(t),u(t),v(t))T和Y=(p(t),q(t),w(t),z(t))T是系统(1.1)的两个解，则有‖X‖≤C，‖Y‖≤C，其中
民有所呼，我有所应。人民群众对公平正义的感受最直接、最强烈。司法体制改革剑指司法不公、司法腐败的顽瘴痼疾，交出了一份沉甸甸的优异答卷。
China's frontier areas should play an active role in regional cooperation with neighboring countries and become important forward positions for China to promote regional cooperation with neighbors. "While moving forward with regional cooperation, Asian countries have embraced the Asian approach that features learning from each other through exchanges, mutual respect, consensus-building, and accommodating each other's comfort level. This approach to state-to-state relations fits in well with the specific conditions in Asia. Embodying the Asian tradition of handling relations with neighbors, this approach should be carried forward in order to unleash the endless inherent strength for peace, development and cooperation in Asian countries and the region as a whole.”15
本次实验的对象是英语专业本科二年级26名学生。为排除语言能力本身的差异对实验结果的影响，在实验前所有受试对象参加一次词汇测试(vocabulary test)。难度是大纲中规定的英语专业四级词汇。将成绩排序后，按照第一名进入受试组，第二名进入对照组，依次类推，两组的成绩经过t检测无显著差异。受试组和对照组各有13名学生。
十八大以来,习近平总书记立足于新时代,先后发表一系列关于青年及青年工作的重要论述,形成了其内涵丰富、逻辑鲜明的青年观,指明了广大青年成长成才的发展方向与实现路径,提出了高校做好新时代青年教育工作的遵循原则与行动指南。
China is promoting the implementation of the Belt and Road Initiative. Those important cooperation initiatives such as the Sino- Mongolian -Russian economic corridor, the new Eurasian continental bridge corridor, the Central Asia - West Asia Economic Corridor, the China-Brazil economic corridor, the Bangladesh-China -India-Burma economic corridor, the China-China South Central Peninsula Economic Corridor, and the China-ASEAN community with a shared future are bringing about new opportunities and space to promote a new round of opening up, develop a open economic system and push regional economic development. The above economic corridors are closely related to China's border areas. In other words, China's border areas are important sutures for the Belt and Road construction and sutures close connect China's cooperation with the surrounding international environment. The China-Pakistan economic corridor can promote modernization of Western China. By driving the economic rising of Xinjiang region and curbing the tendency of separation. It can also obtain the shortest access to the Indian Ocean, the Persian Gulf and the Middle East. China-Pakistan economic corridor seems to be the best choice for China to diversify its energy imports. For Pakistan, this will be an unprecedented investment that will boost its infrastructure, create jobs and opportunities, and generate a tax revenue. Strategically, China's support will strengthen Pakistan's geopolitical reputation. Therefore, the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor is the most appropriate choice. We can consider it as a symbol of the future of China-Pakistan relations. 14
III. China's Peripheral Security Policy and China's Border Security
China's border security is closely related to the surrounding international environment. China's periphery is not only the extension of its security boundary, but also the barrier to China's security.16 The security issues in China's surrounding areas are extremely complex: there are both regional hot issues and ethnic and religious contradictions; there are also both local armed conflicts and civil wars, as well as terrorism and transnational crime; there are both environmental security and ecological security issues, as well as cyber security and energy security issues; there are still challenges brought about by both major natural disasters and various artificial and irrational behaviors. As for the surrounding areas, we should clearly recognize that traditional security threats and non-traditional security threats are intertwined, and the connotation and extension of security issues have changed significantly compared with that in any historical period in the past. China views security issues from four levels: global, regional and national, as well as frontier.
Since the reform and opening up, China actively participates in regional security cooperation, puts forward new security concept featuring mutual trust, mutual benefit, equality and coordination, promotes cooperation in the field of security within the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and other international mechanisms, support the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), SAARC and the Arab League to play a role in regional security affairs, together with Russia proposed the Asia-Pacific Security and Cooperation Initiative. China has also made great efforts to promote the Six-Party Talks process, aiming to jointly safeguard peace, stability and security in Northeast Asia with other countries, accommodating the interests and concerns of all countries in Northeast Asia, and jointly building a new regional peace and security architecture with other countries. China has vigorously promoted the peaceful reconstruction of Afghanistan, helps it get free from the dilemma of terrorism and hard drugs, and upgrades the capability of its national security forces. The emergence and expansion of the Islamic State has complicated the situation in the Middle East, Central Asia and other regions, and China keeps close watch on this process. China together with other countries have worked hard to resolve the Syria crises and Ukraine crises. It is imperative to build a peaceful, secure, open and cooperative information space in Asia. In this regard, it is very important to strengthen universal and effective code of state conduct in cyberspace. China clearly opposes the use of information and communication technology to interfere in the internal affairs of other countries, which will undermine the political, economic and social stability of the countries being intervened, as evidenced by the Arab Spring. It is an important task for Asian countries to prevent and crack down on terrorist and criminal activities using information and communication technologies such as the Internet. National political security is very important. In response to the frequent "color revolutions" in Eurasia, various Central Asian countries have taken measures to prevent them.17 China is very much concerned about the frequent "color revolutions" in Eurasia, and keeps close watch so as to prevent them from affecting the stability of China's Xinjiang region from the Central Asian and the Caucasus regions. The above-mentioned shows that China has made its own contributions to safeguarding regional and global security.
China's border security issues and development issues are interrelated, because security without development cannot be lasting security. Development is the foundation of security and security is the necessary condition for development, the two of which are interactive. For China's border areas, the development of border areas itself is the biggest security issue, and the development and prosperity of China's border areas are solid guarantee for the security and stability of China's border areas. For neighboring countries, development itself is also the biggest security issue and the master key for the security of these neighbors. In building a community with a shared future for China and its neighbors, we need to maintain overall coordination on security in both traditional and non-traditional fields.
Terrorism, separatism and extremism in various forms exist in some regions surrounding China, and these force shows a series of new features in recent years. After the defeat, the remnants of the "Islamic State" have been transferring and spreading beyond the Middle East, which has posed great realistic threats to Central Asia and South Asia, and naturally posed a realistic threat to China's Xinjiang autonomous region. International terrorist force such as Al Qaeda, which has long-term stationed in Afghanistan and Pakistan, poses a security threat not only to the region but also to China's Xinjiang autonomous region.18 The East Turkistan Movement terrorist organization, which entrenched in the border region between Afghanistan and Pakistan for many years, continuously carries out terrorist activities against China's Xinjiang autonomous region, disrupting and undermining the overall stability and development of China's Xinjiang autonomous region. Therefore, China's fight against violence and terror is a long-term process. China should also cooperate with countries in Central and South Asia and adopt a zero-tolerance attitude towards violent and terrorist activities. In the fight against violence and terror, China and its neighboring countries should also oppose the "double standards" imposed by the West.
When discussing the security issues in China's border areas, we should not lose sight of the nuclear security issues in the surrounding environment. Actually, some of China's neighbors are nuclear-have countries. In recent years, the situation on the Korean Peninsula reached a very dangerous level. On the one hand, the DPRK has repeatedly conducted nuclear tests and ballistic missile tests; on the other hand, the United States and South Korea have repeatedly conducted large-scale comprehensive military exercises against the DPRK, which generate a grim security dilemma for the Northeaster Asian region. China adheres to the position of denuclearizing the Korean Peninsula and advocates a "duel suspension" by the two parties concerned. It is gratifying to note that in the year 2018, positive factors emerged regarding the tense situation on the Korean Peninsula after a series of DPRK-U.S. leaders summit and DPRK-ROK leaders summit. On the one hand, the DPRK continues to adhere to its position of abandoning its nuclear weapons; on the other hand, the United States explicitly announces the postponement of military exercises with the ROK, and China's "duel suspension" proposition is meaningful. China not only has a clear position on the Korean Peninsula nuclear issue, but also has a very clear position on nuclear security. At the third nuclear security summit, President Xi Jinping proposed to adhere to the "nuclear security concept" featuring "rational, coordinated and balanced process" and put forward the "four equal emphasis", namely an "equal emphasis on development and security", "equal emphasis on rights and obligations", "equal emphasis on independence and coordination", and "equal emphasis on addressing both symptoms and root causes".19
17.Bao Yi, “Political Transformation of Central Asian Countries”, Social Science Literature Press, 2015, pp36-39.
⑤AKI及肝肾综合征 防止AKI的发生：纠正低血容量，积极控制感染，避免肾毒性药物，需用静脉造影剂的检查者需权衡利弊后选择。AKI早期治疗：（a）减少或停用利尿治疗，停用可能肾损伤药物，血管扩张剂或非甾体消炎药。（b）扩充血容量可使用晶体或白蛋白或血浆；（c）怀疑细菌感染时应早期控制感染。后期治疗：停用利尿剂或按照1 g·kg-1·d-1剂量连续2 d静脉使用白蛋白扩充血容量，无效者需考虑是否有肝肾综合征，可使用血管收缩剂（特利加压素或去甲肾上腺素），不符合者按照其他AKI类型处理（如肾性AKI或肾后性 AKI）。
It should be emphasized that Asian countries should pursue the principle of equality not only in economic cooperation, but also in security cooperation. All Asian countries should participate in the regional security affairs on an equal footing and have the responsibility to safeguard pan-Eurasian security. Despite the different sizes of Asian countries, no country, especially major ones, should monopolize and dominate the security affairs in Asia, let alone infringe upon the legitimate security rights and interests of other countries. China does not seek to monopolize and dominate the security affairs of Asia, but also opposes the United States to do so. China is an advocate and practitioner of the Asian security concept.
（3）适当地使用幽默。当面对故意挑衅行为时，教师最好不要动怒，应试着以轻松幽默的语调来处理，使学生在轻松的气氛中松弛下来，不好意思再与教师作对。
IV. Dispelling the "China threat theory"
15.Xi Jinping, “Open up New Horizons for China-Mongolia Relations Through Mutual Assistance——Speech by President Xi Jinping at the State Great Khural of Mongolia”, http://www.fmpre.gov.cn/mfa_chn/gjhdq_603914/gj_603916/yz_603918/1206_604450/1209_604460/t1184896.shtml. Visiting on 23 June 2015.
China's rising has been achieved through peaceful development. "To focus on development, China needs two basic conditions: a harmonious and stable domestic environment and a peaceful and tranquil international environment."21 "Without a peaceful neighborhood, we will not be able to keep our mind on our "two centennial goals" and manage our own affairs well. As China grows, some people in the world have begun to doubt how China would go about. They are worried that a stronger China might become a threat to them. This is either a misunderstanding or a misinterpretation of China's intention.22 General Secretary Xi Jinping has pointed out that in building a new type of international relations, we should adhere to sovereign equality, common security, common development, win-win cooperation, inclusiveness and mutual learning, and fairness and justice. We should work together to rationalize international relations, adapt to the new changes in the international balance of power, and advance the reform of the global governance system to reflect the concerns and aspirations of all parties so as to better safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of developing countries."23 We shall properly resolve differences and contradictions and shape a peaceful and stable environment for development.
而到了唐宋时期，中国木雕艺术的表现题材与技艺，更精进了一个层次，创作者对人事物的深刻理解，融化在了勤恳的雕琢过程中。将人间气息与高洁圣域的特点，融化成韵律飞扬的雕塑个体。那个时期，宗教造像的魅力格外突出，令人回味无穷。此外，还有明清时期，笔者认为，那时的木雕艺术，尤其是那些处在世俗化背景之中的作品，它们的立意和手法更趋成熟。此外，创作者对生活美学氛围的营造意识在加强，并将功能与美学的要素，在木雕艺术中巧妙地表现了出来，带有鲜明时代性。这些属于不同年代的作品，流传下创作者因材施艺、因物象形的理念，他们对自然造物的敬畏之心，也通过作品，永远地留给我们这些后继者。
However, China's want for a favorable international environment, especially a favorable surrounding international environment, is not an easy task. The role of history is not temporary, but permanent. "The clues to command the future geopolitical landscape are in the restructuring of the architecture that is shaped over the past half-century."24 It is not easy to make historical factors coincide with and overlap with reality. All the events happened in China's frontier areas since modern times have impacted China's current frontier governance. Therefore, China must pay attention to the continuity of history and reality when governing the border areas and exploring a good relationship between China's border areas and the surrounding international environment.
We should take the history and reality of security issues into consideration when implementing the security architecture in surrounding areas, and coordinate promotion of regional security governance. We should not only focus on solving the existential outstanding regional security issues, but also make overall plans on how to respond to various potential security threats.25 China's neighboring countries are culturally and politically diverse. They vary in size, wealth and strength, and have very different historical and cultural traditions and social systems as well as difference in security interests, economic requirement and political expression. Therefore, in the process of building security in neighboring regions, we should pay more respect to the cultural differences and cultural diversity of relevant countries, promote constructive coordination among different civilizations in the pan-neighboring regions, oppose all kinds of exclusive and closed actions, and advocate the inclusiveness of Eurasian space. Therefore, these factors should be taken into account in the process of building security in the surrounding areas to ensure security of every country, including the cultural security of these countries, so as to gradually form a community with a shared future among the neighboring countries.
The strategic space of security in Asia calls for strengthening communication through various dialogues, reducing mutual suspicion and enhancing mutual strategic trust among some neighboring countries. Relevant countries need to start from low-sensitive areas, gradually engage with and cooperate with each other, carry out regional security cooperation step by step, and raise their awareness of jointly addressing security challenges. There will inevitably be some troubles, disputes and even frictions in the process of building security in Asia in the future, which requires us to adopt a correct and rational approach to resolve these disputes and frictions. We must never use force or threats of force to seek a solution to these disputes and frictions. Mutual benefit and mutual cooperation with neighboring countries, weaving a network of common interests and integration of interests of the two sides are the basic path for the common development between China and neighboring countries. China needs to develop its relations with its neighbors in an all-round way so that the political relations, economic ties, security cooperation and cultural ties between China and its neighbors can be comprehensively developed and consolidated, so as to safeguard China's sovereignty, security and development interests.
As an active advocate and firm practitioner of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, China is a participant, builder and contributor to the contemporary international system. China will unswervingly follow the path of peaceful development, which is a strategic decision made by China in accordance with the trend of the times and its own fundamental interests. China does not subscribe to the notion that a strong country will inevitably seek hegemony, neither the Chinese have a gene for hegemonism and militarism.26 Since ancient times, the Chinese nation has actively engaged itself in exchanges and trade with foreign countries, instead of external aggression or expansion. We have committed ourselves to the patriotic cause of defending our homeland, instead of colonialist pursuit of territorial expansion. The modern history of China is a humiliating and tragic record of miserable sufferings, and at the same time, it also captures the epic struggle of the Chinese people to resist foreign aggression and realize national independence. Emerging from untold suffering, the Chinese people cherish the value of peace, and will never want to see other nations go through the same pains it endured in the past. The Chinese people want, more than anybody else, to live in peace and harmony with the people of other countries, and work with them to promote, defend and share peace together.27 Through the border areas, China will demonstrate its unique influence on the surrounding areas, both economically and culturally. China's border areas are home to many ethnic minorities, some of whom are cross-border. China should give full play to the role of these cross-border ethnic groups and shape them into an important cultural factor in building harmonious border areas and harmonious surrounding areas. Cross-border ethnic exchanges are an effective way to dispel the "China threat theory" in neighboring regions. While promoting the economy to go global, China should also bring with its culture and implement the strategy of religious culture, actively promote religious culture strategy, make the religious culture play a role to stabilize and harmonize society internally, expand Chinese culture influence externally, resist negative interference, play a role of dialogue and communication among different religions and different civilizations in the world so as to help China grow stronger independently, and actively move towards the world and into the future. 28
The new concepts and basic principles of China's diplomacy in the new era expounded by President Xi Jinping are the basic yardstick guiding development of China's relations with the world and the important guiding thought for China to go global.
V. China has a successful experience in peaceful settlement of territorial disputes
In recent years, there have emerged some problems in the international environment surrounding China. China has disputes with the Philippines, Vietnam and other countries over maritime territorial sovereignty and maritime rights and interests in the South China Sea. "Today's situation in the South China Sea is more and more showing a 'two-layer game' model -- major countries compete strategically regarding the South China Sea disputes, while small countries make use of the power competition among countries to try playing the game of interests. "The United States, Japan and the South China Sea claimants will not leave the South China Sea disputes to the negotiated settlement between China and ASEAN. "One of the stable ways to resolve the South China Sea disputes is that the United States must free itself from its narrow geostrategic perspective and turn the interactive process of handling the South China Sea disputes into a driving force for China-U.S. cooperation in the Asia-Pacific region." 29 It should also be noted that the Dong Lang (Doklam) incident in the border area between China and India in 2017 has brought some twists and turns to China-India relations.
Resolving disputes in this area requires "seeking common ground while resolving differences". President Xi Jinping states, "Although friendship and cooperation have been the mainstream in the history of relations among Asian countries, there are still numerous issues left over from history yet to be resolved. Differences and frictions are hardly avoidable among neighboring countries. What is important is how to handle and manage them properly. The most effective way to ensure long-term peace and stability in the region is to build consensus and resolve differences through dialogue and cooperation. We, Asian countries, should bear in mind the overall interests of the world, engage in friendly consultations, jointly participate in regional and international governance and contribute to the building of a more fair and equitable international political and economic order. 30
On this matter, it is necessary to refer to China's successful experience in settling territorial disputes with neighboring countries. China is always committed to handling disputes over territorial sovereignty and maritime rights and interests with relevant countries through peaceful means, and mutual benefit and mutual accommodation. From historical perspective, China has completely solved land boundary issues with 12 of its 14 neighbors, which shows that China has very mature experience and methods in solving boundary issues.
At present, the border issue between China and India is yet to be resolved, and there are frequent frictions between the two countries in the border areas. In 2013, there was a "tent confrontation between Chinese and Indian soldiers in the border area". The boundary issue between China and India is complex and special. In modern times, China and India were both invaded by foreign major powers and shared a common historical destiny of being oppressed. The historical harm inflicted by the major powers on China and India is far-reaching, even the same with the boundary question. This boundary line is man-made and imposed by the British empire on China and India. Therefore, we should take these historical factors into consideration when studying the China-India boundary question. Only in this way can we reveal the nature of the complexity of the China-India boundary question.
To take another example, although Japan invaded China, China still treats Japan as a friendly neighbor. After the war, China voluntarily gives up the war reparations that Japan needed to compensate China. But the world is complex, and China's good intentions are not necessarily always translate into good results. Japan continues to hold an incorrect position on the historical issue, which has been unanimously condemned by countries in Asia that suffered from its aggression. In dealing with the historical issue of World War II, Germany has taken a very correct attitude and made a deep reflection on the historical culpability of launching World War II, thus winning the respect of Europe and even other countries in the world. When can Japan make amends to the victims of the fascist war as sincerely as Germany? When can Japan make a profound reflection on the history of aggression against China? Asian peoples are expecting Japan’s sincere reflection on the historical issue of the WWII.
There indeed exist some conflicts and disputes in China's neighboring regions, but Asian countries should be good at using oriental wisdom to resolve these contradictions and difference. As General Secretary Xi Jinping said, although, in the world today, Asia is the most dynamic region for economic development, it is also a region with more hotspot and sensitive issues than other regions. How to properly manage relations with neighbors, live in harmony with each other for common development, and properly handle disputes and differences remains a major issue for Asian countries. I believe that to find a solution, it is essential to follow the trend of the times and the will of the people. We should uphold the principle of mutual respect, seek common ground while reserving differences, adopt a forward-looking approach and seek win-win cooperation. Above all, we should rely more on our oriental wisdom to solve problems, diffuse tension and advance harmony.31
In short, the international environment surrounding China is closely related to the security, stability and development of China's border areas. We should be aware that the international environment of China's border areas has some factors that are favorable to the security, stability and development of China's border areas, and also some factors that are unfavorable to the security, stability and development of China's border areas. China has formulated a very clear foreign policy with its neighbors, which needs to be implemented with wisdom and patience in the changing international environment. On the one hand, China should prevent border areas from being negatively affected by external adverse factors; on the other hand, China should gradually shape a pattern of mutual benefit and win-win results through building a community of shared interests and a community of a shared future between its border areas and neighboring countries.
4.Xi Jinping, “Striving to Create a New Situation for a Major Country Diplomacy with Chinese Characteristics”, http://news.xinhuanet.com/leaders/2018-06/23/c_1123025806.htm. Visiting on 23 June 2015.
Footnotes:
11.Chen Jiehua, “China’s Diplomatic Strategy in the 21st Century”, Shishi Publishing House, 2001, pp.200-2001.
2.Zhang Yunling, “New Changes and Countermeasure for Environment Surrounding China”, edited by Zheng Yongnian and Lin Wenxun; “China’s Border Glvernance and Development – The Papers for the Second Southwest Forum” Social Science publishing House, 2013, p.29.
3.Xi Jinping, “Let the Sense of Community with a Shared Future to Take Roots in Neighboring Countries”, http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/201310/25/c_117878944.htm. Visiting on 23 June 2015.
( Edited excerpt of the article in China’s Foreign Affairs No.2, 2019)
5. Xi Jinping, “ Secure a Decisive Victory in Building a Moderately Prosperous Society in All Respects and Strive for the Great Success of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era”, Report to the 19th National Congress of the CPC, 18 October, 2017, People’s Publishing House, 2017, p.33.
6.Xi Jinping, “Open up New Horizons for China-Mongolia Relations Through Mutual Assistance——Speech by President Xi Jinping at the State Great Khural of Mongolia”, http://www.fmpre.gov.cn/mfa_chn/gjhdq_603914/gj_603916/yz_603918/1206_604450/1209_604460/t1184896.shtml. Visiting on 23 June 2015.
7. Xi Jinping, “ Secure a Decisive Victory in Building a Moderately Prosperous Society in All Respects and Strive for the Great Success of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era”, Report to the 19th National Congress of the CPC, 18 October, 2017, pPeople’s Publishing House, 2017, pp.34-35.
8.Liu Cigui, http://www.haina.gov.cn/hn.yw/ywtpxw/201807/t20180701_2676448.html. Visiting on 23 June 2015.
9. Peter Frankopa, “The Silk Road: a New History of the World” , Zhejiang University Press, 2016, Forward p.4.
10. Liu Kai, edi. , “The Silk Road: An Old Road in Tang Dynasty”, XiAn Jiaotong University Press, 2016, pp.403-410.
1.Liu Ming, “A New Trend of Geopolitical Environment Surrounding China – Theoretical Understanding and Strategic Response”, Social Science Literature Publishing House, 2016, p.267.
12. Li Tie, “Report on the Tumen River Regional Cooperation and Development”, Social Science Literature Publishing House, 2015, p.9.
取少量菠萝酒放入37℃培养箱中培养，直至出现异味及表面出现大量菌膜。利用稀释平板法分离腐败菠萝酒中的腐败细菌，先对腐败酒原液进行梯度稀释，稀释倍数分别为 10-1、10-2、10-3、10-4、10-5，分别取0.1 mL上述浓度的稀释液涂平板，37℃倒置培养72 h，挑取单菌落进行分离纯化。每个梯度做3个平行实验[13]。
13. 5. Xi Jinping, “Secure a Decisive Victory in Building a Moderately Prosperous Society in All Respects and Strive for the Great Success of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era”, Report to the 19th National Congress of the CPC, 18 October, 2017, People’s Publishing House, 2017, pp.32-33.
14. Li Xiguang, “China-Pakistan Corridor – a Study on a Flagship Project for the Belt and Road strategy”, Beijing Publishing Group and Wenjin Publishing House, 2016, pp231-231.
With the gradual rising of China, in the international community "China threat theory" has gradually emerged. This argument exists not only in the developed countries, but also in the developing countries; exists not only in other regions but also in regions around China. The "China threat theory" in the international community not only reflects the vigilance and precautionary mentality of developed countries towards China's rising, but also reflects the anxiety of some developing countries and neighboring countries towards China's rising. In order to realize the "Chinese dream", China must face up to this matter and gradually dispel the "China threat theory" in the world.
16.Zhang Yunling, “The International Environment for China to Face in 10-15 Years to Come”, China’s Social Science Publishing House, 2003, p.23.
The THAAD issue, which is closely related to the situation on the Korean Peninsula, has intensified the security tensions in Northeast Asia and China's Northeast border areas. The ROK agreed with the U.S. deployment of the THAAD system on its territory, which has seriously threatened the security interests of China and other countries in Northeast Asia and affected the development of China-ROK relations. This shows that a new security concept is needed in the process of security building in China's neighboring regions, and the security mindset cannot rest on cold war mentality and zero-sum game that the winner takes all in the old era. The concept of military alliance should not be strengthened in the security building in China’s surrounding areas, as it is not conducive to maintaining common security in the region. The deployment of the THAAD system by the United States in the ROK will not only be unhelpful for the smooth settlement of the Korean Peninsula nuclear issue, but also seriously endangers China's security interests. China has actively advocated an Asian concept of common, comprehensive, cooperative and sustainable security, made great efforts to innovate the security concepts, set up a new architecture for regional security and cooperation, and explored a path of security in Asia with jointly building, shared benefits and win-win results . In the construction of security in surrounding areas, China puts security issues in a very important position. However, it should prevent deviations in regional security issues and prevent security from becoming non-common security. The security we advocate should uphold a universal principle. In the surrounding areas around China, there should not emerge phenomenon in which one country enjoys security while other countries do not, nor some countries enjoy security while other countries do not, still less seeking the so-called absolute security for oneself at the expense of the security of other countries.20 If that happens, China's periphery will not be stable. Proceeding from this principle, the United States should withdraw the THAAD systems from the ROK as early as possible.
18. Hu Zhiyong, Wang Mingye, “Central-South Asian Regional Security Studies”, III, Intellectual Rights Press, 2016, pp.15-23.
19. Xi Jinping, “Xi Jinping Delivers an Important Speech at the 3rd Nuclear Security Summit”, http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2014-03/25/c_119921679.htm. Visiting on 23 June 2015.
20.Xi Jinpig, “Actively Establish Asian Security Concept and Jointly Create a New Security Cooperation Situation”, http://www.fmpre.gov.cn/mfa_chn/gjhdq_603914/ gjhdqzz_609676/yzxhhy_610758/zyjh_610768/t1158070.shtml. Visiting on 23 June 2015.
21, Xi Jinping, “Xi Jinping Delivers a Speech at Albert Foundation in Germany”, March 28, 2014, http://www.politics.people.com.cn/n2014/0329/c1024-24772018/html. Visiting on 23 June 2015.
22.Xi Jinping, “Open up New Horizons for China-Mongolia Relations Through Mutual Assistance——Speech by President Xi Jinping at the State Great Khural of Mongolia”, http://www.fmpre.gov.cn/mfa_chn/gjhdq_603914/gj_603916/yz_603918/1206_604450/1209_604460/t1184896.shtml. Visiting on 23 June 2015.
23.Xi Jinping, “Xi Jinping Delivers a Speech at the Meeting in Commemoration of the 6oth Anniversary of the Five Principles of peaceful Coexistence”, 28 June, 2014, http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/20141-06/28c_111136206_2htm,Visiting on 23 June 2015.
24. S. B. Cohen, “Geopolitics, the Geography of International Relations”, translated by Yan Chunsong, Shanghai Social Science Press, 2011,p.5.
25. Xi Jinping, “Actively Establish Asian Security Concept and Jointly Create New Security Cooperation Situation”, http://www.fmpre.gov.cn/mfa_chn/gjhdq_603914/gjhdqzz_609676/yzxhhy_610758/zyjh_610768//t1158070.shtml. Visiting on 23 June 2015.
26. Xi Jinping, “Xi Jinping Delivers a Speech at the Meeting in Commemoration of the 60th Anniversary of the Five Principles of peaceful Coexistence”, 28 June, 2014, http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/20141-06/28c_111136206_2htm,Visiting on 23 June 2015.
27.Xi Jinping, “Open up New Horizons for China-Mongolia Relations Through Mutual Assistance——Speech by President Xi Jinping at the State Great Khural of Mongolia”, http://www.fmpre.gov.cn/mfa_chn/gjhdq_603914/gj_603916/yz_603918/1206_604450/1209_604460/t1184896.shtml. Visiting on 23 June 2015.
至此，我们可以把以AlphaGo为代表的人工智能突破的基本原理概括为：利用深度学习算法和计算机的算力优势处理数量巨大且纷乱复杂的历史样本，从中得到一个预测模型，并以此处理与历史样本同质或相似的新样本。但这种策略在前述诸领域的有效性恰恰导致了这种策略在艺术领域里的注定失效。而且这种失效是概念上的，内在于深度学习原理和艺术概念本身，不可能随着深度学习算法的改进而解决。
28.Zhuo Xinping, “Religious Cultural Strategy in International Relations”, Xu Yihua, Zou Tuo edi. “ Religion and China’s Diplomatic Strategy”, Shanghai People’s Press, 2014, p.6.
29.Zhu Feng, “Can Isles and Reefs Building Change the Situation in the South China Sea?” International Studies, No.3, 2015.
30. Xi Jinping, “Open up New Horizons for China-Mongolia Relations Through Mutual Assistance——Speech by President Xi Jinping at the State Great Khural of Mongolia”, http://www.fmpre.gov.cn/mfa_chn/gjhdq_603914/gj_603916/yz_603918/1206_604450/1209_604460/t1184896.shtml. Visiting on 23 June 2015.
31. Xi Jinping, “Open up New Horizons for China-Mongolia Relations Through Mutual Assistance——Speech by President Xi Jinping at the State Great Khural of Mongolia”, http://www.fmpre.gov.cn/mfa_chn/gjhdq_603914/gj_603916/yz_603918/1206_604450/1209_604460/t1184896.shtml. Visiting on 23 June 2015.
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