【摘要】气象因素(Meteorological factors)是引起急性心肌梗死(acute myocardial infarction,AMI)的高危因素之一,也是目前国际上研究影响急性心肌梗死发病因素的热点领域。越来越多的证据显示气象变化是诱发急性心肌梗死的重要事件。随着对各种气象因素的深入研究,证实了除性别、年龄、高血压、血脂异常、吸烟、糖尿病、肥胖外,气象变化可影响急性心肌梗死发病率。温度、相对湿度、气压、风速及降雨量在急性心肌梗死发生发展中起到重要作用。本篇综述旨在总结气象因素在急性心肌梗死发病中的作用。
【关键词】急性心肌梗死;气象因素;温度;相对湿度;气压;风速;降雨量
【中图分类号】R542.2 【文献标识码】A 【文章编号】2095-1752(2019)18-0015-02
The role of meteorological factors in the pathogenesis of acute myocardial infarction
Liu Chengbin,Huang Shian(Corresponding author)
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine,Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University,Zhanjiang,Guangdong 524001,China
【Abstract】Meteorological factors are one of the high risk factors for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and also the hot area of international research on the influence of acute myocardial infarction. More and more evidences show that the change of meteorological factors is an important event inducing acute myocardial infarction. With the in-depth study of various meteorological factors, it has been confirmed that in addition to gender, age, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, diabetes, obesity, changes in meteorological factors can affect the incidence of acute myocardial infarction. Temperature, relative humidity, air pressure, wind speed and rainfall play important roles in the occurrence and development of acute myocardial infarction. This review aims to summarize the role of meteorological factors in the pathogenesis of acute myocardial infarction..
【Key words】Acute myocardial infarction;Meteorological factors;Temperature;Relative humidity;Atmospheric pressure;Wind speed; Rainfall
流行病学调查显示传染病导致的死亡率不断下降,冠心病的发病率显著上升,心血管疾病成为了导致死亡的主要原因,而急性心肌梗死事件尤其突出[1]。目前研究证明性别、年龄、高血压、血脂异常、吸烟、糖尿病及肥胖都是影响急性心肌梗死的重要因素,但还不清晰气象因素是如何影响急性心肌梗死发病。随着对急性心肌梗死高危因素研究的深入,越来越多的证据支持气象因素变化是急性心肌梗死发生和发展的重要事件[2,3,6,10,11,12,17,21]。
气象因素包括温度、相对湿度、气压、风速及降雨量作为人类生存的外界条件,在调节人类各个脏器新陈代谢中发挥重要作用。在气象因素变化过程中,冠状动脉的通透性、斑块稳定性、血脂都会发生变化,导致冠状动脉血供急剧减少或中断,最终导致急性心肌梗死。越来越多的研究表明气象因素在急性心肌梗死发病过程中具有重要作用[2,3,6,10,11,12,13,17,21,22,23]。因此研究气象因素在急性心肌梗死的作用,对今后急性心肌梗死患者的防治具有重要指导意义。
1.温度与AMI
研究表明,急性心肌梗死发病率与温度变化相关,夏季温度较高,发病率较低,冬季温度较低,发病率较高[2-3]。Crawford等学者调查研究发现温度上升时,急性心肌梗死发病率降低了;温度上升1摄氏度,急性心肌梗死死亡率降低2.2%[4];气温与急性心肌梗死发病率呈反比关系[3]。平均温度与急性心肌梗死入院之间的非线性关系[5]。但Abrignani 等学者研究结果认为温度与AMI发病率的关系实际上可能是u型的[6],在极热的夏季发病率和死亡率也较高[7-8]。台湾的一项研究显示室外温度与老年人(64岁)冠状动脉疾病发病率和死亡率呈u型关系,在25~44岁的人群中没有发现任何类型的关联[9]。综上所述,温度会影响AMI的发病和预后;温度对AMI发生、发展及预后的影响呈u型关系,深入了解温度变化模式,应制定预防和干预策略,有助于为心血管疾病的预防提供新的途径。
2.相对湿度与AMI
相对湿度对AMI发生、发展及预后都有影响[10-11]。K,Bhaskaran,S等学者发现相对湿度下降时,AMI的发病率反而升高,相对湿度与AMI的关系呈现为负相关关系[12-13];亚洲Lee J H等学者同样发现相对湿度与AMI发病率有明显相关性[10-11]。相对湿度影响AMI的发病率和死亡率[13-14]。目前有研究发现相对湿度与AMI可能不存在相关性,而原因可能与所在地区气象温度不同有关。相对湿度对AMI发病的影响与性别无关[15-16]。目前相关研究证实相对湿度与环境温度共同影响AMI发生、发展及预后,但其具体影响机制暂不清晰。
3.气压与AMI
大气压,又称大气压或气压,是指单位面积内对某一表面施加的力,由该表面以上空气的重量决定[17]。气压急剧变化与AMI发病率明显相关[9]。有数据证实大气压力可能对AMI的发病率和死亡率有重大影响[19-20]。大量数据调查显示,大气压力和AMI之间存在U形关系,从101.6kPa开始的大气压力的增加和减少都与每日心肌梗塞发生率的增加有关[21]。气压变化在AMI发病过程其重要作用,气压与AMI发病过程呈线性关系。目前各个气候区相关研究较少,气压影响AMI发病的具体机制还不是特别清楚。
4.风速与AMI
风速与AMI发病过程密切相关[21-23]。Goerre等人报道大风活动与心肌梗死入院率的增加有关[24]。但韩国曾有研究提示风速可能与AMI发病率不存在相关性。目前对于风速影响AMI发病过程的机制仍不明确,可能是:风速越大,人体温度降低,去甲肾上腺素和肾上腺素分泌相应增加,外周小血管收缩,外周阻力增加,血液粘稠度提高,动脉粥样硬化斑块破裂、炎症标志物生成,增加AMI发病机会[22,24]。目前未有证据明确提示风速与AMI的关系,但可能是一种线性关系。
5.降雨量与AMI
目前关于降雨量与AMI的相关研究不多,降雨量对AMI发病有影响[23]。降水也是STEMI发生的独立预测因子[25]。瑞士有研究显示降雨量影响AMI发病率并呈正相关关系[26]。有研究表明当24小时降雨量小于10mm时,AMI发病率较无降雨时要低;24小时降雨量大于50mm时,AMI发病率比小量降雨及无雨时要高[15]。目前降雨量影响AMI发病机制不清楚,有学者认为微量降雨可导致空中负离子增多,引起血管扩张,血压降低,血氧含量增多,从而改善心功能;降雨量较大时外周环境温度降低,诱发冠状动脉痉挛,增加AMI发病率。
6.总结
气象因素是引起急性心肌梗死的高危因素之一,是目前国际上研究影响急性心肌梗死发病的热点领域。气象因素与急性心肌梗死关系密切,在急性心肌梗死疾病的发生发展中扮演重要角色。虽然关于气象因素对急性心肌梗死有深远影响,但不同地区的气象因素与对应地区的急性心肌梗死发病的研究仍不够深入,并未能全面比较各个气候区急性心肌梗死的发病特点。基于气象因素与急性心肌梗死的关系,可以收集各个气候区的气象因素数据与相应的急性心肌梗死患者资料进行分析,总结出急性心肌梗死的气象相关性高危因素,这将有助于为各个地区高危人群提供优化防治策略。
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论文作者:刘成彬,黄石安(通讯作者)
论文发表刊物:《医药前沿》2019年18期
论文发表时间:2019/8/16
标签:心肌梗死论文; 发病率论文; 气象论文; 因素论文; 相对湿度论文; 降雨量论文; 温度论文; 《医药前沿》2019年18期论文;