独立结构及其惯用句法功能，本文主要内容关键词为：句法论文,独立论文,结构论文,功能论文，此文献不代表本站观点，内容供学术参考，文章仅供参考阅读下载。
独立主格结构是一种具有逻辑主谓关系的从属结构，或者说是独立于句子主要成分（主语、谓语等）之外的结构。形式上是名词（或代词）短语结构，实际上是一个主谓复合结构，前面的句词（或代词）是后面部分的逻辑主语，意义上相当于一个从句。这种常见的特殊语法现象使用起来简练、形象，表达效果强烈。
（一）独立结构的形式
1.名词（代词）＋-ing分词结构
①He told us his story,his eyes sparkling with joy.
他给我们讲述了他的经历，眼睛里闪烁着喜悦的光芒。
②Some representatives being absent,the conference had to be put off.
由于一些代表缺席，会议不得不延迟。
也可使用-ing分词的完成式或被动式，例如：
③The experiment having been done,the students left the laboratory.
做完这个实验后，学生们就离开了实验室。
④The car being badly damaged,we had to walk a long distance.
由于车子被严重撞坏，我们只好走一段很长的路。
2.名词（代词）＋-ed分词结构
①His supper finished,he went to bed.他吃好晚饭后就睡觉了。
②All things considered,the offer seems reasonable.
从各方面来考虑，这个提议看起来挺合理的。
3.名词（代词）＋形容词词组
①The inn-keeper's wife,her feet bare,her hair untidy,her blouse dirty,came herself to meet her guests.
旅店老板的妻子光着脚，头发乱蓬蓬的，穿着脏脏的罩衣，亲自来迎接客人。
②She stared at me,her eyes expressionless.她盯着我，目光没有一点表情。
4.名词（代词）＋副词词组
The meeting over,they went home.会议结束后，他们都回家了。
5.名词（代词）＋介词词组
①He stood there looking on,his hands in his pockets.他站在一旁观望，手插在口袋里。
②A book under his arm,he came in.他走了进来，臂下夹着一本书。
6.名词（代词）＋(being)＋名词词组
①He being my senior,I always follow,his advice.
由于他是我的前辈，我总是听从他的意见。
②She being a-strict teacher,the students respect and love her.
她是一个严格的老师，因此学生们都尊重和爱戴她。
7.名词（代词）＋to动词不定式结构
这种结构一般用来表示将来要发生的动作或状态，例如：
①Most of the students have got home,the rest to be back in two hours.
大部分学生都已经回家了，剩下的两小时后回来。
②I have bought the first two volumes,the third one to be published next month.
我已经购买了前两卷，第三卷下个月出版。
8.With/without结构
上述几种形式前面都可以加with/without构成独立主格。这种结构的句法功能和上述独立结构一样，只是用得较广，较随便些。
①He sat there thinking,with his head on his hand.他手托着头，坐在那儿思考着。
②Without a word more spoken,he left the room.他离开了房间，没有多说一个字。
独立结构往往可以省略名词前面的冠词或物主代词，但with/without结构中一般不能省略这些成分，例如：
①He was walking up and down the room,with book in hand.（错误）
②He was walking up and down the room,with a book in his hand.（正确）
（二）独立主格结构的句法功能
独立主格结构主要用于书面语，在句中通常作状语，修饰动词，表示时间、原因、条件、方式和伴随状况等，有时也可仅作一种补充说明。
1.时间状语。独立主格结构作时间状语，说明主句动作发生的时间，在意义上相于when或after引导的时间状语从句。
①The dark clouds having disappeared(=After the dark clouds disappeared),the sun shone again.
乌云散去，太阳又普照大地了。
②Night coming on(=When night came on),we put ourselves up in a small hotel.
夜幕降临，我们在一家小旅馆住下了。
③The letter having been written(=After I wrote the letter),I put it in an envelope.
写完信后，我就把它装在信封里了。
2.原因状语。独立主格结构作原因状语，说明主句动作发生的原因，在意义上相当于as或because引导的原因状语从句。
①Mother being ill(=Because Mother was ill),I had to cook meals.
由于妈妈生病了，我必须得做饭。
②With him taken good care of(=Because he was taken good care of),we left quite relieved.
由于他受到很好的照顾，我们就放心地离开了。
③The waves beating violently against the shore,people couldn't hear her cry for help.
由于大浪疯狂地拍击着海岸，人们都没有听到她呼救声。
3.条件状语。作条件状语时，独立结构描述主句动作发生的条件，在意义上相当于if或even if等引导的条件状语或让步状语从句。
①Weather permitting(=If weather permits),we'll have the match tomorrow.
如果天气允许的话，我们将明天举行比赛。
②The conditions unfavorable(=Even if the conditions are unfavorable),we want to do our best to succeed.即使条件不利，我们也要尽一切努力争取成功。
③Everything taken into consideration(if everything is taken into consideration),the plan you put forward yesterday seems to be more practical.
如果从各方面考虑，你在昨天提出的计划似乎更实际些。
4.方式和伴随状语。这种独立主格结构表示伴随说明的情况，主要是对于谓语动词表示的动作或状态作陪衬，并加以说明。
①Dick came in.a big pan of hot milk in one hand and a spoon in the other.
狄克进来了，一手端着一锅热牛奶，一手拿着一个勺子。
②His head being held high.he walked out of the room.
他高高地扬着头，走出了屋子。
③With the desire to promote friendship on both sides,they reached an agreement.
本着促进双方友谊的愿望，他们达成了协议。
由于所表示的情况总是和谓语动词表示的动作或状态同时存在，因此，有时可以用and连接，转换成并列分句。
④She sat under the tree.(her)hands resting on(her)knees.(=She sat under a tree and her hands were resting on her knees.)
她坐在一棵树下，双手放在膝上。
⑤Bedell lay down in an old box filled with hay,his rifle and crutches beside him,(=Bedell lay down in an old box filled with hay and his rifle and crutches were beside him.)
贝德尔躺在一个装满干草的旧箱子里，枪和拐杖放在身边。
5.补充说明
Two hundred people died in the accident,many of them children.
故事中有两百人丧生，其中有许多是儿童。