An Enduring Relationship
By Xing Hua
Despite divergences, there is common support for multilateralism to sustain Sino-French relations
The author is a senior researcher with the China Institute of International Studies
In January, the diplomatic relations between China and France mark their 55th anniversary. The history and experience accumulated in the development of the ties,including their mainstream achievements and the difficulties that have been resolved,create a good foundation for better development of the relationship in the future.
In the 1960s, the confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union,the two superpowers at the time, impacted international relations. At the same time,it was a good chance for some countries to regain their independence, in keeping with the needs of the times. Both China and France began rejuvenating and reforming their policies.
Under the leadership of Chairman Mao Zedong, China pursued an independent foreign policy, seeking to establish more friendly relationships on the basis of mutual respect and understanding. General Charles de Gaulle, the first President of the Fifth French Republic, also proposed a number of initiatives that shook the U.S.-centered hegemonic order and broke free from the outdated curbs on foreign relations.
Though separated by geographical distance and belonging to different camps during the Cold War, China and France began to get closer using wisdom and courage.France was one of the first Western countries to establish diplomatic relations with the People’s Republic of China. De Gaulle justified this action by “the weight of evidence and reason,” considering that China’s demographic weight and geographic extent put it in a position to have a leading global role. The establishment of their official ties increased the influence of the two countries on the international stage.
（2）减少不必要的人员、机械费用。减少不必要的开支，为企业提供更多的利益，这是成本控制的一种比较好的方案。在不影响路桥质量的情况下把利益最大化。通过良好的工程计量对项目所用的材料等进行估量，以减少材料的浪费。
Advantages and contributions
Since the turn of the century, international relations have undergone unpredictable changes. Against a backdrop of globalization,multi-polarization and cyclical financial crises,the structure of power has changed. Western institutions and values that once dominated the world are being questioned and Europe is on the decline.
在介绍集成学习的基本概念基础上，研究了当前集成学习方法的评价标准，分析了常用的分类器集成学习算法和结果整合集成方法，对集成学习方法有综合充分了解。
综上所述，中地装(北京)科学技术研究院有限公司研发了一套满足3000 m地热水井施工的先进的电传动JDR-30DB型主绞车，本文对该绞车进行简单的介绍。
In 2010, Herman Van Rompuy, as President of the European Council, proposed reorganizing EU diplomacy. He argued that emerging economies had brought great challenges, and Europe must maintain its own interests and values everywhere in the world. At the same time, EU countries complained that trade and economic ties with emerging economies had led to one-way losses for them and demanded compensation from these countries. The EU even issued a new policy paper on China, hoping to get more economic benefits from China.
Both are permanent members of the UN Security Council and their cooperation has contributed to global development.One example can be seen in the post-Cold War era, when the United States ignored the authority of the United Nations and international relations norms and arbitrarily invaded Iraq. France and Germany took the lead in opposing the move and were supported by China.
China and France both advocate a multipolar world, support multilateralism and the democratization of international relations.Giscard said, “The common things [between China and France] are fundamental. In many circumstances, the two countries have similar responses, seek similar solutions and arrive at similar conclusions through different approaches.”
Chirac’s administration maintained the mutual trust which grew out of the establishment of diplomatic relations with China and even enhanced it under the new international situation. He made a positive appraisal of China’s development and believed it had infinite prospects. France hoped to maintain its status as a major power through cooperation with China.
总体来讲，碳市场控排企业越多、减排成本差异度大有助于碳市场功能的发挥。2016履约年度，上海碳市场新增航运业、广东碳市场新增造纸及民航业，纳入这些行业明显提高了市场活跃度及增加了减排。但另一面，增加企业也将带来相应的交易合规成本及监管难度，个别试点通过降低门槛纳入排放量较小的企业，这些企业由于碳排放计量、配备人力不足等导致难以按时履约，核查费用等也带来了财政成本。从排放量角度来看，排放量小的企业数量较多但总体排放有限，纳入该部分企业对整体减排贡献有限。因此，通过将排放量较小的企业纳入碳市场是否有必要值得商榷。
Chirac persuaded EU member countries not to take the lead in anti-China proposals at the UN Commission on Human Rights,and advocated acceptance of China’s participation in the Group of Seven. In spite of the U.S. blockade on arms sales to China and the intransigence of some EU allies,France advocated lifting the embargo.It hoped to eliminate the discrimination against China and clear all obstacles to China-EU cooperation.
Huang Zhen (left), the first Chinese Ambassador to France,presents his credentials to President Charles de Gaulle (center),at the Élysée Palace in Paris, on June 6, 1964. Also present is then French Foreign Minister Maurice Couve de Murville
Change and challenge
Sino-French relations boast several firsts.France was the first Western country to establish a comprehensive partnership with China and the first world power to open strategic consultations with China. Along with growing political mutual trust, China and France also enjoy cultural exchanges. In 2004, the Chinese Culture Year was held in France, followed by the French Culture Year in China in 2005.
Many of de Gaulle’s successors, such as Valery Giscard d’Estaing, François Mitterrand and Jacques René Chirac, attached great importance to relations with China.
In terms of foreign policy, Europe emphasized remaining allies with other Western countries. Former French President Nicolas Sarkozy decided France should rejoin NATO 43 years after it had left the organization under de Gaulle. Under Sarkozy, France began increasingly leaning toward the West and drifting from the tradition of maintaining mutual strategic trust with China. Sarkozy’s meeting with the Dalai Lama and Tibetan separatists’disturbing of the torch relay of the Beijing Olympic Games in Paris soured bilateral relations. Although Sarkozy re-examined France’s common strategies with China and tried to repair the bilateral relations, his efforts to maintain the good traditions between the two countries were weak.
In recent years, China has made considerable achievements in its reform and development. Its international image and influence, especially its leading role, have become more prominent. Consequently, Europe’s anxiety over China’s progress has risen to new heights. Like U.S. President Donald Trump,Europe is also increasingly viewing China’s rise as a threat and challenge.
出院后及时随访，定期总结临床路径的标准化及审查ERAS执行的质量，将有利于质量的持续改进。主要评估包括以下四点：①衡量临床预后(术后并发症、住院时间等)；②衡量非临床结局(花费及效用比、患者满意程度)；③评价ERAS方案的服从度；④尽可能维持这个概念(包括新证据和修正概念)。
Visitors at an exhibition celebrating the 40th anniversary of China’s reform and opening up at the eighth arrondissement of Paris, France, on January 8
Though the current French President Emmanuel Macron has maintained sound communication with China after coming to power in 2017, he is far from being familiar with the common strategic interests of France and China, compared to his predecessors. In addition, as the initiator of European rejuvenation, Macron is focusing on the “protection”of European diplomacy as his priority. It aims to protect Europe, especially France’s values and interests, but it also wrongly targets China.While claiming to be a torchbearer of multilateralism, Macron is critical of China’s support for multilateralism.
However, despite the ups and downs, the 55-year-old Sino-French relations will continue to endure. Macron’s firm attitude on opposing U.S. unilateralism will provide more common language and a favorable foundation for the future development of bilateral ties.
Copyedited by Sudeshna Sarkar
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