世界语言——英语,本文主要内容关键词为:英语论文,语言论文,世界论文,此文献不代表本站观点,内容供学术参考,文章仅供参考阅读下载。
印度约有十亿人口和自己的一打大语种。但全国通用,为全国精英所懂的语言只有一种,那就是曾经统治它不到两百年而且已在52年前离去的那些外国人使用的语言——英语。
今天印度的情况,也就是明天全世界的情况,不过不是官方规定的。这趋势已进行好久了,起初是因为英国人不但建立了一个全球帝国而且在美国定居,现在是因为世界(最显著的是美国)已取得它第一个真正全球性(而且是互动性)的媒体——因特网。
据估计,约有三亿五千万人把英语当作第一语言。可能有二亿五到三亿五千万人实际说或者能够说英语,作为他们的第二语言;首先在前殖民地国家里,或者在英语人种占多数的国家里,像美国的三千万新移民,或者加拿大魁北克省六百万说法语的人。其余地方怎样呢?猜想这种人有一亿到十亿,就看你管什么叫做“能够”说英语了。让我们胆大点说:全世界60亿人中总共有20%到25%的人能够使用英语;不是英格兰的英语,更不是约翰逊博士的英语,但总是英语。
这个数目在飞快增长,随着每年有新学生进小学,有使用单语种的老年人死去——现在则还有因特网的扩大。而且这个过程还是自动倍增的。当生意跨国发展时,每一家公司如果想使它的经营人员流动,并提升其中最优秀的人员,不论其国籍如何,都会鼓励他们使用英语。所以一个人要想留在公司里,或者想跳槽,都得学会用英语。英语长期以来在学术刊物里占主导地位;德、俄、法语(依学科而定)可能对专业读者有用,但英语是不可少的。所以,如果想出版你的论著,让同行广泛阅读,你就得挑选英语。
电影的发展推广了占主导地位的英语,电视就更是如此。外国电影或情景喜剧可能译配主要语言,但为了小范围的观众往往只打印字幕。结果是:一个荷兰人、丹麦人、甚至阿拉伯人家庭在起居室里有一部录像学习机,而屏幕上说的往往是英语。
计算机及其美国操作系统的诞生触动了英语的前进;因特网的诞生则给它推了一大把。今天任何一个联网的家庭都拥有一个信息库,只待鼠标一击就可取得。而且不像家里或公共图书馆书架上的书,这里可能五分之四都是用英语写的。随着更多非英语网址的出现,这个比例可能会缩小。但英语必然会占主导地位。
当然,网络是双向运行的。美国人今天可能有比以前多得多的机会取得德语、波兰语或者(爱尔兰)盖尔语的文本。但是普通美国人这样做,得不到很多好处。走另一方向就不是这样了。网络的作用甚至可能拯救某些小语种免于灭亡。但是最大的赢家将是英语。
India has about a billion people and a dozen
majorlanguages of its own.
One language,and only one,is understood—by an elite —across the country:that of the foreigners who ruled it forless than 200 years and left 52 years ago(注:英国人于1763 年赶走法国人,独占印度。1947年印度宣告独立,英国人离开).
Today,India.Tomorrow,unofficially,the world. That iswell under way; at first,because the British not only builta global empire but settled(注:settle,v., migrate to andset up a community in,colonize.) America,and now because theworld(and notably America) has acquired its first truly global—and interactive—medium,the Internet.
It is estimated that some 350m people speak English astheir first language.Maybe 250m-350m do or can use. it asa second language; in excolonial countries, notably, or inEnglish-majority ones,like 30m recent immigrants to theUnited States, or Canada's 6m francophone (注:French -speaking.) Quebeckers.And elsewhere? The guess is 100m-1billion depending(注:contingent on.) how you define "can".Let us be bold:in all,20-25% of earth's 6 billion peoplecan use English; not the English of England,let alone of DrJohnson(注:Samuel Johnson(1709-1784), 他独自编的英语字典(1755)是第一部系统的英语字典),but English.
That number is soaring as each year brings new pupils toschool and carries off monolingual oldies —and now as theInternet spreads.And the process is self -reinforcing. Asbusiness spreads across frontiers,the company that wants tomove its executives(注:managers who carry out plans anddecisions) around, and to promote the best
of them,regardless of nationality,encourages the use of English. Sothe executive who wants to be in the frame(注:organization),or to move to another employer,learns to use it. Englishhas long dominated learned(注:)journals:German,Russian or French (depending on thefield) may be useful to their expert readers,but English isessential.So,if you want your own work published—and widelyread by your peers (注:persons of the
same
professionalor academic qualifications.)—then English is the language ofchoice.
The growth of the cinema,and still more so of television,has spread the dominant language.Foreign movies or sitcoms(注:situation comedies , 一般即电视上的连续喜剧) may bedubbed into major languages,but for smaller audiences theyare usually subtitled.Result:a Dutch or Danish or even Arabfamily has an audio-visual learning aid in its living-room,and usually the language spoken on-screen is English.
The birth of the computer and its American operatingsystems gave English a nudge ahead; that of the Internet hasgiven it a huge push.Any web-linked household today has alibrary of information available at the click of a mouse.And,unlike the books on its own shelves or in the public library,maybe four-fifths is written in English. That proportionmay lessen,as more non-English sites spring up.But Englishwill surely dominate.
The web of course works both ways. An American has farbetter access today than ever before to texts in German orPolish or Gaelic. But the average American has no greatincentive to profit from it.That is not true the other wayround.The web may even save some mini -languages. But thebig winner will be English.