Old Friends, New Era
President Xi Jinping's visit to Russia demonstrates the unbreakable bond between the two countries By Ma Miaomiao
Chinese President Xi Jinping is awarded an honorary doctorate from Russia's St. Petersburg State University on June 6
T he Kremlin, in the heart of Moscow,welcomed a familiar friend this summer.The magn ifi cent centuries-old complex witnessed once again the enduring bond between China and Russia, as Chinese President Xi Jinping started his visit to the country on June 5.
This was Xi's eighth visit to Russia since 2013 when he was elected Chinese president, and came in time to commemorate the 70th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic ties between the two countries.
During the three-day visit, Xi and Russian President Vladimir Putin signed a joint statement on elevating China-Russia bilateral ties to a comprehensive strategic partnership of coordination for a new era. Along with attending events celebrating the 70th anniversary, Xi also participated in the 23rd St. Petersburg International Economic Forum(SPIEF) on June 7 and addressed its plenary session for the first time.
When briefing the media at the conclusion of the visit, Chinese State Councilor and Foreign Minister Wang Yi remarked that Xi's trip sent a clear message to the world that the consensus on deepening mutual trust between Beijing and Moscow is unbreakable and China's belief in win-win cooperation is unshakable.
Strengthened ties
According to the joint statement on the strategic partnership, the China-Russia relationship has entered a new era, and has new opportunities for greater development.
为给肉牛提供良好的养殖环境，首先需要将牛舍的环境温度保持在合理的范围内，只有在保障牛体温暖与干燥的基础上，才能有效避免因为体温散失导致的营养物质消耗，使饲料的利用率达到良好的水平。此外，还需要保持牛舍的环境卫生，定期做好牛舍的清理消毒以及通风工作，这样也就能使肉牛的生活环境得到有效的改善，提升肉牛的身体素质以及疫病抵抗能力，使肉牛的生长发育效果以及饲料利用率得到进一步的提升，给该养殖人员带来良好的经济效益[4]。
在以下情况进行HIV基因型耐药检测：HAART后病毒载量下降不理想或抗病毒治疗失败需要改变治疗方案时；进行HAART前（如条件允许）。对于抗病毒治疗失败者，耐药检测在病毒载量>400拷贝/mL且未停用抗病毒药物时进行，如已停药需在停药4周内进行基因型耐药检测。
According to the statement, the two sides will closely coordinate with each other in aligning their development strategies, widen mutually beneficial cooperation in trade and investment and further expand bilateral ties overall.
Li Yonghui, a researcher with the Institute of Russian, Eastern European and Central Asian Studies under the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, told Beijing Review that “the relationship upgrading was a strategic decision based on the fundamental interests of the two countries and peoples and current responsibilities.”
Against a backdrop of mounting unilateralism and trade protectionism, there are still existing uncertainties for the world economic recovery which have already impacted the basic norms governing international relations.
It re fl ected a common response to the changes in the international environment,expressed the mutual con fi dence and determination to seek more breakthroughs, and embodied the expectations of bilateral relations in the future, Li added.
In addition, a pair of giant pandas, Ru Yi and Ding Ding, were handed over to Russia for a 15-year joint research program at the opening ceremony of the panda house at the Moscow Zoo attended by the two presidents on June 5. The program illustrated the growing exchanges between the two countries in such areas as science and technology, culture, tourism and education.
According to Sergey Uyanaev, Deputy Director of the Institute of Far Eastern Studies under the Russian Academy of Sciences, as the most important political achievement of the visit, the upgrading of China-Russia ties put a new orientation and connotation on bilateral relations. “It is not a choice of expediency and won't be influenced by any external factors,” Uyanaev was quoted as saying by Russia's Sputnik News Agency.
While meeting with Putin, Xi proposed that the two countries cement strategic support based on mutual trust, deepen converging interests, jointly achieve common revitalization, promote people-to-people exchanges, consolidate a foundation for lasting friendship, and shoulder more responsibility for global peace and stability.
It also pointed out that the goal of this new kind of partnership is for both sides to give more support to each other as they seek to take their own development paths,preserve respective core interests and protect sovereignty and territorial integrity.
Uyanaev added that the true meaning of upgraded ties will not simply be limited to bilateral levels, but also suggest that the two sides will coordinate and support each other more in international affairs concerning both sides in the future.
Political, security and economic cooperation, people-to-people exchanges and international coordination will continue to be key areas for China-Russia relations in the new era, said Wei Jinshen, a researcher with Center for Russian Studies of Shanghai International Studies University. The joint statement, containing detailed and comprehensive measures for strengthening cooperation, demonstrated that bilateral ties not only possess a solid foundation, but also broader areas of cooperation,Wei claimed.
Driving forces
由于流量等参数的采样平均时间设定较长，加大了数据在平均时间内的真实性和可靠性、稳定性，但该系数的生成条件是必须在生产运行1.5 h后自动计算。
Thus Li explained that the ties between China and Russia have served as a model of a major-country relationship featuring the highest degree of mutual trust and the highest level of strategic coordination. They have also demonstrated the steady stream of internal driving forces that promote bilateral cooperation.
Chinese President Xi Jinping addresses the plenary session of the 23rd St. Petersburg International Economic Forum in Russia on June 7
In terms of connectivity, the first crossriver railway bridge between China and Russia has been connected from both sides.With a designed annual throughput capacity of 21 million tons, the bridge, when completed, will enable Russia's Far East region to better cooperate with Chinese provinces and cities.
南京图书馆现藏32号敦煌文献，均为1950年国立南京图书馆成立之后入藏。南京博物院所藏敦煌写本约有几十件，多为佛典，但也有《老子道德经》、《春秋后语》以及回鹘文写本，主要有三种来源：一是前中央博物院筹备处所留存；二是50年代华东文化部、苏南区文管会、苏州市文管会等单位拨交；三是历年征集和收购所得。另外，南京金陵刻经处、苏州戒幢律寺等一些寺院均收藏有一定数量的未刊敦煌文献。南京师范大学文学院、南京古籍书店、南京灵谷寺、苏州西园寺、常州博物馆等部门亦藏有数量不等的敦煌写卷，可惜均未公布。
According to Uyanaev, top-level designs and arrangements and the close personal friendship between the two leaders have played an indispensable role in promoting the stable development of bilateral ties.
Despite current sluggish international trade and investment as well as rising protectionism, the fruitful results of and huge potential for pragmatic China-Russia cooperation have injected vitality into bilateral relations. With an emphasis on economic globalization, the two countries have jointly upheld the rules of free trade and have shown obvious complementary advantages in the economic and trade fields, said Li.
In 2018, bilateral trade volume between China and Russia topped a record high of over $100 billion. China has been Russia's largest trading partner for eight consecutive years, with its share in Russia's foreign trade on the rise. The two governments also agreed to promote two-way trade to $200 billion by 2024.
通过对冈优725、江优151和中优448等3种杂交水稻在不同含水率下滑动摩擦角的测量知，水稻芽种的最大滑动摩擦角在20°～40°之间，结合种子在种子箱中摩擦力和下滑力之间的关系，种子箱设计如图2所示。其最佳θ角取60°，种子箱最下端倾斜一定角度，便于种子直接充入型孔之中。种子箱低端安装挡片，以便调节播种量。
At the same time, the two countries have made solid progress in major strategic projects in energy, aerospace, connectivity and other fields. Cooperation in agriculture, finance, science and technology, e-commerce and other emerging fields has grown rapidly as well, Li added.
In the past several years, China and Russia have agreed to foster stronger synergy between the Belt and Road Initiative and the Eurasian Economic Union. Early results of the integration are demonstrated through several projects such as Primorye-1 and Primorye-2 international transport corridors.
China National Petroleum Corp., a major stakeholder in the Yamal liquefied natural gas (LNG) project, received the first shipment of LNG in July 2018. The second line of the China-Russia oil pipeline is now in operation,and the east-route natural gas pipeline is expected to supply 38 billion cubic meters of gas annually to China as scheduled.
Political mutual trust has been persistently consolidated and the two sides have given each other fi rm support on issues concerning core interests and major concerns.Over the past six years, Xi has met Putin nearly 30 times in various bilateral and multilateral occasions.
“In this complex and fast-changing world,China and Russia have been able to make steady progress in the face of major changes and have become important promoters of stability in the process of restructuring the international strategic structure, with the main reason lying in the convergence of mutual interests,” said Li.
压疮(pressure ulcer)是指局部组织长时间受压，血液循环不良，持续缺血、缺氧而导致的局部软组织发生溃烂，甚至坏死。压疮常易发生在一些骨质突出的部位。有研究指出，受神经支配的皮肤在69.75 mmHg压力下，持续受压2 h以上就能产生不可逆损害［1］。手术中难免压疮的发生率在3%～5%;71%的压疮发生于70岁以上的老年人［2-3］。压疮一旦发生，不但给
英国当代艺术史家贡布里希解释说：“对于我们周围世界所发生的令人眼花缭乱的种种变异，我们会相对地无动于衷，心理学中把这叫作‘恒常性’（constancy）。即使因距离、照度、视角等有所改变，我们可能注意到某些变异，但是，在我们看来事物的颜色、形状和明度还是相对稳定的。”[14]37
Moreover, according to Russia's Education Ministry, for the first time, Russian schoolchildren can now choose the Chinese language for the unified State Exam as of 2019, noting the growing interest among Russian schoolchildren and students to learn Chinese.
Commitments and responsibilities
Currently, China and Russia have enhanced communication in multilateral mecha-nisms such as the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, the Group of 20 and BRICS.They have also coordinated their positions and views on regional hotspot issues such as the Korean Peninsula nuclear issue and the Iranian nuclear deal, and worked together to uphold international fairness, justice and world peace and stability, said Wei. Their efforts have promoted the multi-polarization in international relations and contributed to the building of a community with a shared future for humanity, he added.
（4）结果：白藜芦醇DPPC脂质粉雾剂为白色疏松粉末（图3-A）。扫描电镜下，甘露醇作为载体，粉雾剂形态为不规则的颗粒，颗粒表面凹凸不平，有空隙，颗粒大小不一，聚团在一起，粒径大小约10 μm（图3-C）。休止角是（26.6±6.7）°＜37.0°，流动性好，振实密度为（0.05±0.01）g/mL，排空率为（97.9±1.2）%，雾化性质为B级，这些性质都说明了白藜芦醇脂质粉末适合用于制备粉雾剂，通过人主动吸进肺部，到达细支气管，不易被排出。在肺部深处肺泡腔中，补充因炎症或细菌破坏的肺表面活性物质，恢复其功能，提高与外界气体交换。同时释放药物，治疗肺部炎症。
Bilateral Trade Between China and Russia(2018)
(Source: Federal Customs Service of Russia; designed by Pamela Tobey)
Recognizing that the current international security situation is facing serious challenges,the presidents of the two countries also signed a joint statement on strengthening global strategic stability.
Giant panda Ru Yi eats bamboo at the Moscow Zoo in Russia on June 4
“Under current circumstances, the two sides should deepen strategic coordination,not only to safeguard the interests of China and Russia, but also to defend basic international norms and justice as well as world peace, security and stability,” Xi said during talks with Putin.
4．消退素D1对各组小鼠胰腺NLRP3 mRNA表达的影响：对照组、AP组、消退素D1组小鼠NLRP3 mRNA表达量分别为1.01±0.12、4.36±0.40、1.69±0.14，AP组显著高于对照组，而消退素D1组又显著低于AP组，差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.001)。
For his part, Putin said that the more complex and volatile the international situation is, the more Russia and China should consolidate and deepen political mutual trust, boost coordination and cooperation in international affairs and safeguard international law and basic norms of international relations.
Foreign Minister Wang remarked that the joint statement demonstrated the united voice of China and Russia in coping with challenges in strategic security, intensifying strategic coordination in regional security hotspots and advancing a multipolar world and the democratization of international relations.
The SPIEF is an important platform for the international community to share views on global economic development, and in his remarks, Xi highlighted sustainable development as the “golden key” to solving global problems and the best entry point to cooperation for shared interests worldwide, Wang said.
有研究结果表明地膜覆盖可降低表层含盐量，盐分淋洗效果明显[8-12]。随着覆盖时间的延长，表层脱盐率有增加的趋势[13]。中重度盐碱地提早至上年秋季和早春非生育期覆膜，使生育期膜下根层（0～20 cm）含盐量较常规播前覆膜脱盐率各生育期分别平均提高20.59%和14.12%，对表层（0～10 cm）脱盐效果更为显著。上年秋季覆膜比早春覆膜脱盐效果更好。上年秋季覆膜和早春覆膜种植向日葵灌浆期保苗率分别提高18百分点，16百分点，产量分别提高58.1%和38.2%。
While addressing the SPIEF, Xi called for joint efforts in creating an open world economy, people-oriented and inclusive societies,and a beautiful homeland with harmonious coexistence between humans and nature.
He also said China will continue to further open up, preserve the multilateral trading system and carry out trade cooperation on the basis of equality and mutual respect. It is willing to share its latest scientific achievements, including 5G technology, with other countries, promote communication and cooperation in such areas as poverty reduction and social security, and join hands to tackle global climate change and other issues.
It is widely believed that China has been trying to achieve universal benefits through positive interactions with other countries instead of pursuing selfish goals or playing a zero-sum game, said Wang.
“When China and Russia stand together,the world will be a safer and more peaceful and stable place,” Wang concluded.
Copyedited by Rebeca Toledo
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