BRICS and Multilateralism
By ZHOU ZHIWEI
The multilateral mechanisms promoted by emerging economies,meanwhile, display immense vitality, and play an ever-greater role in regional and global affairs.
由于布伦托海地区游牧地与交通方便的各种原因，为了尽快安置难民，为了避免发生各民众及中俄两国之间的纠纷，经过乌里雅苏台、科布多、伊犁和塔尔巴哈台驻防大臣商议，最终决定在布伦托海设立办事大臣，选好适中之地修城，以办理难民事宜。
THE rise of a bloc of emerging economies since the turn of the millennium has polarized attention throughout the international community. The phenomenon reflects changes in the international balance of power and provides well-grounded logic for the inevitable adjustment and reform of the global governance system. Burgeoning South-South Cooperation and multilateral partnerships feature prominently in this process.The multilateral mechanisms promoted by emerging economies, meanwhile, display immense vitality,and play an ever-greater role in regional and global affairs.
在农村经济发展中，许多管理者的经济管理水平和管理能力有待提升。大多数管理者本身文化水平较低，没有接受正规的信息技术教育，导致他们对信息化手段的专业管理、应用及维护知识知之甚少。他们的日常经济管理工作仅限于利用信息化手段搜索、整理和发布一定的经济信息资源，结果是即使农村已经广泛铺设了信息网络，搭建了过硬的信息技术设备和设施，因缺乏信息化手段应用专业管理人才，农村经济管理也不能实现信息化手段的有效应用。
BRICS, comprising the five major emerging economies of Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa,is one such multilateral platform. Cooperation under this framework has been both dynamic and effective since the first BRICS Summit in 2009, having extended from business sectors to multiple areas of global significance. Innovation is the focus of the upcoming 11th BRICS Summit that will convene in Brazil, so highlighting the bloc's commitment to global innovation-driven economic development.
The changing global landscape whereon BRICS plays such a growingly important role has compelled the five member states to prioritize their cooperation on international strategies. This raises the question, “How does BRICS cooperation benefit its member states?” For Brazil, BRICS cooperation creates external opportunities for the country to grow its economy. Emerging economies — or developing countries — indeed play an ever-greater role in the global economy, to the extent that they are becoming the projected growth poles of the world economy in the medium and long run.
American political scientist Robert Anthony Pape holds that soft balancing is a viable strategy for emerging major powers to counter the American superpower,and that their diplomatic alliance enables them to constrain the U.S.'s behavior.Many emerging platforms for multilateral cooperation, including the BRICS,provide ways for weaker countries to pursue soft balancing strategies that gain them room to maneuver under the ethos of stronger powers.
本次检测期间，天气晴朗，气温35℃左右，由于混凝土中钢筋吸收探地雷达电磁波脉冲信号，返回信息较弱，对测量数据造成一定干扰。
A performance at the opening ceremony of the 2017 BRlCS Games in Guangzhou,China on June 17.
Representatives pose for a group photo during the first BRlCS Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors Meeting in Baden-Baden, Germany on March 17, 2017.
Western media have been skeptical about BRICS,pointing out the differences and competition between its members. However, such critics have overlooked the powerful internal motivation for BRICS cooperation, evident in the states' united determination to change an unbalanced and ineffective global governance system. Their will and determination in this regard, at least over the past 10 years, has cancelled out those problems engendered by internal differences. BRICS has now emerged as an important soft balancing force in the current U.S.-dominated global order.
Multilateralism, moreover, has been a diplomatic tradition for Brazil. Active participation in multilateral cooperation via the BRICS platform has enabled Brazil and other major emerging countries to make concerted efforts in amplifying their voice in international affairs and establish a widely-recognized image in the international community.
A review of Brazil's modern history highlights the implications that changing global economic focuses have had for the country's foreign policies. Cooperation with emerging economies offers Brazil external opportunities to realize its economic and social development goals. BRICS, meanwhile, enables Brazil to taper off its dependence on developed countries and build up economic resilience and autonomy. As China's development amply demonstrates, diversifying partnerships is an effective way for developing countries to gain greater autonomy.
截至2017年底，北京市共有药品零售企业5230家，其中专营乙类非处方药的药品零售企业有35家，应配备执业药师的药品零售企业有5195 家；注册在药品零售企业的执业药师数为6216人，注册在专营乙类非处方药的药品零售企业执业药师为8人，药品零售企业执业药师配备率为119.5%。5年来（2013-2017年），北京市药品零售企业数量基本保持稳定，而执业药师配备人数呈大幅增长，配备率从2013年的63.9% 上升至2017 年的119.5%（见表4），有了显著提高。2015 年底，北京市药品零售企业执业药师配备率首次突破了100%，满足了政策要求的配备执业药师人数。
Brazil has indeed benefited greatly from BRICS cooperation, especially its economic partnerships with other BRICS member states. From 2009 to 2013,average annual trade between Brazil and other BRICS member states expanded by an annual 27 percent,outpacing the average annual 20.1 percent growth of Brazil's foreign trade with developing countries. Even in 2013, when Brazil's foreign trade showed a declining trend, the country's trade with BRICS member states shrank the least.
Cooperation under the BRICS framework opens new ways for member states to participate in international political and security affairs. Although its focus has been on building economic and trade cooperation mechanisms and advancing reforms to the global financial system, the group also wields a growing influence on international political and security issues. It is to some extent a soft balancing force against U. S. power which, especially during regional conflicts, limits its unilateral military actions.With more channels for dialogue and a wider range of topics for negotiation, BRICS member states are building a broader consensus on global political and security issues.
From 2013 to 2016, Brazil's trade with BRICS countries shrank the least — about 30.5 percent. As to the balance of trade, from 2009 to 2016 Brazil had a trade surplus with other BRICS countries whereas,other than in 2016 when it gained a surplus of US$4.14 billion, it experienced trade deficits with developed economies. In terms of trade, BRICS has stabilized both Brazil's foreign trade and the core markets wherein to earn foreign exchanges. The New Development Bank initiated by the economic bloc also provides an alternative source of finance.
In 2019, Brazil assumed the BRICS rotating presidency and will host the annual BRICS summit. In view of the benefits accrued from BRICS cooperation and its diplomatic tradition of pursuing multilateralism, Brazil continues to coordinate with emerging economies on global governance, and has made technology, innovation, and digital economy the theme of the 2019 summit.
Today, the world is fraught with unprecedented changes that are rocking the prevailing global order.The emerging powers are the main force behind these changes, but under such a backdrop, hindrances and uncertainties lie ahead. For example,the hegemonic power has resorted to unilateralism and protectionism policies in efforts to impede the rise of emerging countries and their strengthening cooperation, having gone to the extent of trying to tempt them to join their side or just isolate them.As for global governance, the hegemonic power has challenged the established international regime through its irresponsible unilateral act of withdrawal from international organizations and treaties — actions antithetical to the multilateral cooperation advocated by emerging countries.
我院70例高血压患者进行此次研究(2015年12月7日至2018年3月5日),以随机基本原则为依据,均分为两组。
Representatives attend the 3rd BRlCS Media Forum in Cape Town,South Africa, on July 18, 2018.
Multilateralism is a diplomatic tradition for Brazil, and also remains a focus of China' diplomacy.Apart from BRICS, China has also initiated platforms for multilateral cooperation such as the Shanghai Cooperation Organization,the Boao Forum for Asia, the Asia Infrastructure Investment Bank, the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation,and the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC). It also set up the China-UN Peace and Development Fund and funds for South-South and China-CELAC cooperation. BRICS cooperation exemplifies the effectiveness of multilateralism. It is a principle that has enabled BRICS members to pursue common aspirations by putting aside minor differences and advancing towards the next golden decade of cooperation.
Amid unprecedented changes, peoples of the world need multilateralism more than ever before.
Amid unprecedented changes, peoples of the world need multilateralism more than ever before.As the new leading lights of the global governance system, BRICS countries are clearly determined to champion multilateralism, the international system with the UN at the core, the global order with international law as the basis, and the multilateral trade system as represented by the World Trade Organization. They may thus safeguard the common interests and development opportunities of emerging markets and developing countries.
ZHOU ZHIWEI is a researcher at the Institution of Latin American Studies with the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences.
标签：BRICS论文; and论文; Multilateralism论文; the Institution of Latin American Studies with the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences论文;