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在英语语法教学中,定语从句既是重点又是难点。学生在学习定语从句时,普遍遇到不少问题,常见的有以下几个方面的问题。
问题一:英汉语序上的差异加大了定语从句的难度。
对策:将两者的差异加以对比说明。
英语中的定语从句,不管是限制性的还是非限制性的,都要放在其先行词的后面。而一般来说,翻译成汉语时,特别是限制性定语从句,多译成主谓结构加上“的”字,放在其修饰的词语前面。两者正好相反的语序加大了定语从句的难度。请比较:
①英语:Yang Liwei is the first Chinese who went into the outer space.(定语从句放在先行词Chinese的后面)
汉语:杨利伟是第一个进入太空的中国人。
②英语:SARS is a disease that was first found in the world in spring in 2003.(定语从句放在先行词disease的后面)
汉语:“非典”是一种于2003年春在世界上首次发现的疾病。
教师要精心设计一些练习题,如定语从句中英互译,让学生加深对定语从句在英汉语序上的差异的认识。
问题二:忽略了引导词在定语从句中所充当的成分。
对策:在定语从句中要用什么引导词,除了要看先行词指代的是人、事物、时间、地点或原因以外,还必须要弄清楚该引导词在从句中所充当的成分。
引导定语从句的词有关系代词和关系副词。它们在从句中起连接作用;同时,又在从句中充当一个成分。在学习和运用定语从句时,有些学生往往只注意关系代词或关系副词引导的定语从句所修饰的先行词指代的是什么,却忽略了引导词在从句中所作的成分。例如:
①a.I won't forget the day______we met for the first time.
b.I won't forget the day______we spent together on the seashore.
②a.February is a month______it is the coldest in China.
b.February is a month,______is the shortest in a year.
③a.This is the school______they studied last year.
b.This is the school______they visited last year.
不少学生往往在上述三组句子中的空白处分别填上when、when和where。这是由于忽略了引导词在定语从句中所作的成分而造成的。
在上述三组句子的a句中,分别填上when、when和where是正确的。因为句①a空白处的引导词表示的是(we met)on the day,在从句中作时间状语,句②a空白处的引导词表示的是(it is the coldest)in the month,在从句中也是作时间状语;句③a空白处的引导词表示的是(they studied)in the school,在从句中作地点状语。在上述三组句子的b句中,尽管各自的先行词与a句的相同,但要用的引导词是不是也一样呢?这就要认真分析一下了。
句①b空白处的引导词表示的是(we spent)the day,在从句中作spent的宾语,而不是做时间状语,所以,该空白处应填上that或which;句②b空白处的引导词表示的是the month(is the shortest),在从句中作主语,而不是做时间状语,该句还是个非限制性定语从句,因此,只能用which;句③b空白处的引导词表示的是(they visited)the school,在从句中作visited的宾语,而不是地点状语,所以,应填上that或which。如果难以判别引导词在从句中所充当的成分,可先把复合句分拆成简单句,还原该引导词所代替的句子成分。
问题三:不知道关系代词whose可以指物。
对策:归纳说明关系代词whose的用法。
1.关系代词whose既是who的所有格,又是which的所有格,在定语从句中作定语。因此,除指人之外,whose还可以指物。例如:
①This is my friend David whose father we met just now.(指人的所属关系)
②The notebook whose cover is red belongs to Jenny.(指物的所属关系)
2.关系代词whose可以修饰从句的主语或宾语(动词或介词的宾语均可)。例如:
①We should have to make a decision about Ms King,whose story I have just told you.(whose修饰从句的宾语story)
②The boss in whose department Ms King worked had heard about the accident.(whose修饰从句中介词in的宾语department)
③Ms King,whose legs were badly hurt,was quickly taken to the hospital.(whose修饰从句的主语legs)
3.关系代词whose指物时,可用“of+which”结构代替。词序是:限定词(冠词、指示代词、物主代词等)+n.+“of+which”;也可以是:“of+which”+限定词+n.。例如:
I live in the room whose window is open.
→I live in the room the window of which is open.
→I live in the room of which the window is open.
问题四:不知道如何选用“介词+宾格关系代词”结构中的介词;也不懂可用“介词+宾格关系代词”替换关系副词when、where、why等。
对策1:说明在“介词+宾格关系代词”结构中,介词的选用取决于先行词的意义和从句中谓语动词的搭配。
例如:
①The woman to whom Tony is married is an actress.(whom前面用to,取决于从句中is married to的搭配)
②This was a film in which Spielberg used real actors instead of toys.(which前面用in,取决于先行词的搭配in the film)
③The gun with which he was shot was never found.(which前面用with,取决于先行词的搭配with the gun)
但须注意,含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开使用,介词仍然放在动词的后面。因为短语动词属于固定搭配。例如:
④Is this the MP3 player which you're looking for?
⑤The baby whom she is looking after is very well.
look for和look after都是短语动词,不能拆开。
对策2:举例说明可用“介词+宾格关系代词”结构替换关系副词when,where,why等。
例如:
①The house where he lives needs repairing.
→The house in which he lives needs repairing.
→The house(which/that)he lives in needs repairing.
问题五:忽略了句子中逗号或句号的作用。
对策:说明标点符号对句子结构的影响。
试比较以下三个句子:
①He has two sons.One of______wants to be an astronaut.
②He has two sons,and one of______wants to be an astronaut.
③He has two sons,one of______wants to be an astronaut.
A.them B.they C.whom D./
除了在“one of”前面使用的标点符号不同和句②有并列连词and之外,上述三个句子完全相同。根据句意,这三句话的空白处都需填入一词,否则句意不完整。另外,介词后面不能用人称代词的主格。这样,可排除B、D。句①是两个完整的简单句,句②的连词and前后是并列分句,句①、②的空白处应是一个可与one of共同作主语的人称代词,因此,都要选A。句③用的尽管也是逗号,但句中没有并列连词and。句③的逗号表示其前后是同一句子的两个部分。按句子的结构可知,在该逗号之后应是一个定语从句。定语从句的引导词要用关系代词,而不能用人称代词;所以,句③的答案是C。
问题六:忽略了句子中定冠词的作用。
对策:调整句子结构,还原定冠词的位置。
先看看下面两个句子:
①Is this shopping mall______sells many kinds of mobile phones?
②Is this the shopping mall______sells many kinds of mobile phones?
A.where B.the one that C.which
两个句子都是疑问句形式,可先将它们变成陈述句形式:
①→This shopping mall is______sells many kinds of mobile phones.
②→This is the shopping mall______sells many kinds of mobile phones.
由此可知,句①缺少先行词和引导词,所以要选B。而句②缺少在从句中作主语的关系代词,因而要选C。
如遇题干为疑问句、倒装句、强调句等特殊语序的选择题时,最好先将其还原为陈述语序,再作选择。这样,可以降低题目难度,有利于把握句子结构、明确题意,从而能准确作答。
问题七:把多个句子合并成含定语从句的复合句时没有去掉已被关系代词或关系副词代替了的词语,造成错句。
对策:列出正、误句子让学生自己归纳。
把两个或多个句子合并成含定语从句的复合句,是学习定语从句的一种有效方法。但是,做这种练习时,不少学生用了关系代词或关系副词以后,却没有去掉已被代替的词语,造成错句。请比较:
①A dictionary is a book.We can use it to learn more words.
→(误)A dictionary is a book which we can use it to learn more words.
→(正)A dictionary is a book(which/that)we can use to learn more words.
②I will never forget the days.We spent those days together on the farm.
→(误)I will never forget the days that we spent those days together on the farm.
→(正)I will never forget the days (tha t/which)we spent together on the farm.
③I will never forget the days.We worked together for CCTV in those days.
→(误)I will never forget the days when we worked together for CCTV in those days.
→(正)I will never forget the days when we worked together for CCTV.
要解决上述问题,教师可列出正、误句子,要求学生自己分析两者的区别。通过让学生观察、体验、探究等积极主动的学习,培养他们自我纠错的能力。
此外,由于JEFC和SEFC教材对关系代词that(指物)与which等的用法没有详尽区别,可能会对学生掌握与运用它们有所影响。因此,教师也要适当归纳说明。
总之,定语从句既是英语语法教学的重点又是难点。对其结构和各个引导词的用法,教师要讲清讲透,并要精心设计一套有代表性又能再现知识点的专题练习让学生做。练习的形式,除了传统的选择填空、中英互译之外,还可以编写一些其它题型,如分拆或合并句子、用关系代词或关系副词填空(句子或短文)、定语从句改错、用所给的引导词扩充定语从句等等。