(1广东医科大学 广东 湛江 524023)
(2广东医科大学附属医院 广东 湛江 524001)
【摘要】 miRNA是生物体内一类长度为19~25个核苷酸的非编码小分子单链RNA,通过跟目的基因mRNA的3’端非编码区互补配对,使mRNA直接降解或发生转录后翻译抑制,从而影响目的蛋白表达,调控细胞的凋亡、增殖与分化等生物学行为。研究发现miR-28在很多肿瘤中有差异表达,其与肿瘤细胞的增殖、凋亡、迁移、侵袭等生物行为密切相关。因此miR-28有望成为肿瘤早期诊断的指标,甚至是肿瘤治疗的新靶点。本文就miR-28在肿瘤转移机制中的作用做一综述。
【关键词】 miR-28;恶性肿瘤;转移
【中图分类号】R73-3 【文献标识码】A 【文章编号】2095-1752(2018)10-0395-02
【Abstract】miRNA is a kind of non-coding small-molecule single-stranded RNA with a length of 19 ~ 24 nucleotides in vivo, which directly degrades mRNA or inhibits transcription after transcription through complementary pairing with the 3 'non-coding region of the target gene mRNA, Thus affecting the expression of the target protein, affecting cell apoptosis, proliferation and differentiation and other biological behaviors. miR-28 is abnormally expressed in a variety of tumors. Up to now, it has been found that miR-28 is closely related to biological behaviors such as metastasis, invasion and proliferation of tumor cells, and can be used as an indicator of tumor early diagnosis, therapeutic target or prognosis monitoring. This article reviews the research progress of miR-28 in tumor invasion and metastasis.
【Key words】miR – 28;Malignant tumor;Metastasis
癌症统计资料分析,随着发病率和死亡率越来越高,自2010年以来癌症已成为中国首要的死亡原因[1]。肿瘤的复发、转移是影响肿瘤治疗效果和预后的重要因素,其中超过90%的癌症患者死于肿瘤转移[2]。肿瘤发生机制极其复杂,至今未明。目前研究发现多种miRNA与肿瘤转移等机制密切相关。miRNA是一种由19~25个碱基组成的单链小分子RNA,主要通过调节多种靶基因的表达来调控细胞的生物学行为。miRNA可与靶基因的3’-UTR区部分同源序列互补结合,降解靶基因的mRNA 或抑制靶基因的转录后翻译[3,4],从而参与机体多种生理和病理过程的调节[5,6]。多项研究发现,miRNA是调控肿瘤侵袭转移的关键分子,与多种瘤种相关,包括肺癌[7]、乳腺癌[8]、肝癌[9]、结肠癌[10]等。miR-28是miRNA的一员,研究发现miR-28在多种肿瘤细胞中有差异表达,且具有调控肿瘤细胞的侵袭、转移的功能。本文主要探讨miR-28与多种肿瘤侵袭、转移机制的关系及其作用,为以后miRNA在肿瘤转移、侵袭等机制的研究提供新思路。
1.miR-28家族及基本情况
miR-28是由位于染色体3q27-28的LPP基因编码的含86个碱基且具有发夹结构的单链RNA前体经过切酶加工后生成的单链小分子RNA,有22个碱基。miR-28在肾癌、胰腺癌、卵巢癌等多种肿瘤中有差异表达,调控肿瘤细胞的增殖、侵袭、转移等多种生物功能。
2.miR-28调控肿瘤侵袭转移
miR-28在不同肿瘤中的表达水平不尽相同,其在不同瘤种的侵袭和转移机制作用也不一样。以下主要介绍miR-28在肾癌、结肠癌、卵巢癌、原发性肝细胞癌和胰腺癌的转移机制中的作用。
2.1 miR-28抑制肾癌转移
Wang C等[11]研究发现,miR-28可抑制肾癌细胞多种生物功能。他们发现miR-28-5p可通过直接靶向下调A498细胞和ACHN细胞的RAP1B基因表达,抑制p38 MAPK和ERK1/2MAPK通路的激活,从而抑制肾癌细胞的增殖、迁移和侵袭。p38 MAPK通路是调节肿瘤转移机制的关键通路。Hong J等[12]研究发现p38 MAPK与Twist1磷酸化有关,可促进Twist1稳定性,诱导肿瘤细胞上皮间质转化和浸润,在肿瘤细胞的脱落与浸润过程发挥了重要作用。Park等[13]发现p38 MAPK信号通路的活化,可促进乳腺癌细胞的侵袭转移。
2.2 miR-28调控结肠癌侵袭转移
Maria I.Almeida等人发现,miR-28的两种成熟体miR-28-3p和miR-28-5p在结肠癌组织中表达下调。miR-28-5p通过靶向调控HOXB3基因,抑制HCT116细胞和SW480细胞增殖,引起细胞周期G1停滞,抑制结肠癌细胞侵袭转移。miR-28-3p则可靶向调控Nm23-H基因,促进HCT116细胞和SW480 细胞的迁移和侵袭。[14]HOXB3基因在结肠癌中高表达[15],Palakurty等人研究表明HOXB3基因可通过表观遗传学的沉默结肠癌启动子高甲基化的RASSF1A抑癌因子,发挥致癌作用[16]。
2.3 miR-28促进卵巢癌侵袭转移
JUAN XU等人[17]研究表明miR-28-5p在卵巢癌中高表达,而N4BP1基因在卵巢癌中低表达。他们发现miR-28-5p可通过直接靶向结合N4BP1mRNA的3’端非编码区,下调N4BP1的表达,从而抑制上皮细胞标记分子E-Cadherin的表达,并上调间质细胞标记分子vimentin的表达,促进卵巢癌ES2细胞和SKOV3细胞EMT,促进卵巢癌细胞的增殖、迁移和侵袭。N4BP1是机体重要的基因,其编码的N4BP1蛋白可作用于泛素E3连接酶Itch,与正常发育密切相关[18]。且研究发现N4BP1蛋白可能具有核糖核酸酶活性,在基因调控中起重要作用[19]。
2.4 miR-28抑制肝癌转移
Xiaomin Shi等人发现,miR-28-5p在原发性肝细胞癌组织中的表达显著下调,而IGF1表达上调,且miR-28低表达预示患者预后不良[20]。他们发现miR-28-5p可直接靶向下调IGF1的表达,抑制PI3K和Akt的磷酸化并下调Bcl2基因的表达,从而诱导HepG2和Huh7 肝癌细胞凋亡,抑制肝癌细胞增殖和转移。胰岛素样生长因子1(IGF1)是一种调节细胞增殖、分化和凋亡的生长因子。IGF1异常表达可促进肿瘤细胞转移[21]。Koti M等人研究表明IGF1可调控PI3K/AKT和ERK1/2/p38 MAPK信号转导通路,促进多种肿瘤的发生发展[22]。
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2.5 miR-28抑制胰腺癌迁移
李等人研究表明胰腺癌患者血清miR-28-5p较正常人明显降低。他们通过体外实验研究发现miR-28-5p通过靶向上调BECN1基因的表达,促进胰腺癌细胞自噬,显著抑制胰腺癌细胞的增殖和迁移,从而发挥抗肿瘤作用。[23]自噬是一种高度保守的细胞行为,主要作用于细胞内物质的循环以及受损细胞器的清除,与细胞内环境的稳定和细胞增殖有关。自噬与多种肿瘤的发生发展密切相关。研究表明自噬基因Beclin的表达产物BECN1蛋白是细胞自噬体形成的必需分子,可通过影响自噬体的活性而影响肝癌、结肠癌等肿瘤的发生进展[24,25]。
3.结语
肿瘤的侵袭、转移影响肿瘤预后。通过研究肿瘤侵袭转移的发生机制,干预肿瘤侵袭转移的进程而实现治疗肿瘤目的,其意义尤为重大。miR-28作为miRNA的一员,其在不同肿瘤的侵袭、转移中的作用不尽相同。因此研究miR-28在具体肿瘤中的作用靶点及其信号通路,明确其对具体瘤种侵袭、转移的作用,有利其成为未来肿瘤诊断和治疗的新靶点。
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通讯作者:杨志雄,研究方向:肺癌,职称:主任医师,通讯地址:广东省湛江市霞山区广东医科大学附属医院,邮箱:yangzhixiong068@126.com.
论文作者:麦宗炯,吴爱兵,杨志雄
论文发表刊物:《医药前沿》2018年4月第10期
论文发表时间:2018/3/30
标签:肿瘤论文; 细胞论文; 基因论文; 抑制论文; 靶向论文; 研究发现论文; 肾癌论文; 《医药前沿》2018年4月第10期论文;