高考透视,疑难扫描——非谓语动词考点与难点剖析,本文主要内容关键词为:动词论文,考点论文,难点论文,疑难论文,透视论文,此文献不代表本站观点,内容供学术参考,文章仅供参考阅读下载。
在中学英语教学中,动词的地位举足轻重,其形式活泼,用途广泛。除动词时态、语态外,动词的非谓语形式可谓另一重要内容,它具有多种功能与用法。正因为如此,非谓语动词在高考中的比重相当突出。以下是近几年非谓语动词在高考中的统计分析表:
分类 非谓语动词(可统计题)分布状况
单项题 完形题 拼写题 改错题 四题所点总分 权重值
'93MET43 6510.9%
'94MET43 6510.9%
'95NMET
432 8510.6%
'96NMET
242
1 7012.8%
'97NMET
232
3 7014.3%
上表显示,非谓语动词在可统计的题中所占比重已接近时态题,且较前些年有所增加。然而,中学生对这一语法项目多心存畏惧或略知一二,缺乏全面、系统的认识,学习中处于被动应付的局面。实际教学中,笔者三年来对我校(地区重点中学)刚进入高三年级的毕业生进行过连续问卷调查,发现能准确说出非谓语动词概念的同学寥寥无几,仅占5%左右。这说明绝大多数同学对非谓语动词掌握得不好,对其概念、用法、变化含混不清、模棱两可。同时也反映了非谓语动词在教学中的难度,它不仅抽象深奥,而且对其他语法知识有很大的依赖。
本文以非谓语动词高考考点作引导,分析其难点,摸索其特点与教学方法。
一、最新高考题析。1993—1997年的高考题,非谓语动词在考点设计上,呈现出以下的特色。现作简要分析(题后注原题号及标准答案):
1.How about the two of us______a walk down the garden? ('93MET17,Key:C)
A、to take B、take
C、taking
D、to be taking
简析:空白处所填词语taking与the two of us 一起构成复合结构,作about的宾语。
2.The computer centre,______ last year, is very popularamong the students in this school.('93MET31,Key:D)
A、openB、opening
C、having opened
D、opened
简析:这里应填入一非限制性定语成份,其意义相当于which wasopened。open为动词,此处使用过去分词,表示被动动作。
3.Charles Bahhase is generally considered ____the firstcomputer.(’93MET34,Key:C)
A、to invent B、inventing
C、to have invented
D、having invented
简析:consider表示“认为”的意义时,可跟不定式的复合结构。若不定式表示的动作在前,则使用其完成形式,本题中invent表示的动作早已过去。
4.The visiting minister expressed his satisfaction withthe talks,——that he had enjoyed his stay here.(’94MET20,Key:C)
A、having added B、to add
C、adding
D、added
简析:此处所填的词与其后的宾语从句构成状语,表示伴随情景。add是及物动词(有自己的宾语从句),此处adding表示主动意义, 所表示的动作与谓语动作同时发生。
5.The missing boys were last seen______near the river.( ’94MET30,Key:A)
A、playing B、played
C、playD、to play
简析:所填的词为主语补足语,因其后有明确的地点,补足语表示动作当时正在进行中,所以只能使用playing。
6.The first textbooks _____ for teaching English as aforeign language were produced in the sixteenth century.(’94MET32,Key:A)
A、written B、to be written
C、being written
D、having written
简析:所填的词与随后的介词短语一起构成后置定语,write 为及物动词,与前面所修饰的词有动宾关系,此处填过去分词,表示被动动作。
7.Paul doesn't have to be made_______.He always works hard.(’95NMET11,Key:B)
A、learn
B、to learn
C、learned D、learning
简析:使役动词是被动结构时,其后的不定式应保留to.
8.We agreed_______here but so far she doesn't turn up yet.(’95NMET19,Key:C)
A、having met B、meeting
C、to meet D、to have met
简析:动词agree后应接不定式。根据后一句的内容, 可知该不定式动作尚未发生,表示将来意义,所以填C项。而D项“to have met ”却表示动作已过去。
9.—You were brave enough to raise objections at themeeting.
—Well,now I regret_______that. (’95NMET26,Key:D)
A、to do B、to be doing
C、to have done
D、having done
简析:regret后所跟动词有to do 与doing两种形式, 不定式表示“为做某事而遗憾”, doing 表示“为做过某事而后悔”。“havingdone”则更强调动作已发生而无法挽回。
10.The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, buthis mother told him __________.(’95NMET34,Key:A)
A、not toB、not to do
C、not do it D、do not to
简析:所填短语意义应为“not to ride his bicycle in thestreet”,因前文出现过ride his bicycle in the street”,故可省略,避免重复,但不定式标志则予以保留。
11.________in thought,he almost ran into the car infront of him.(’96NMET23,Key:C)
A、LosingB、Having lost
C、Lost D、To lose
简析:这里分词短语的意义应为“As he was lost in thought ”,意为“由于陷入沉思”,这儿填入过去分词短语,表示一种状态,用作原因状语。
12.I would love______to the party last night but I had towork extra hours to finish a report.(’97NMET12,Key:B)
A、to go B、to have gone
C、going D、having gone
简析:本题考查非谓语动词与虚拟语气。would love to do 为一固定搭配形式,其中不定式表示想要做的动作。但此句中but 连接的句子说明其实动作并没有发生,所以这里要用虚拟语气表示与过去事实相反,选用B项。
13.The Olympic games,_______in 776BC, did not includewomen players until 1912.(’97NMET17,Key:C)
A、first playing
B、to be first played
C、first playedD、to be first playing
简析:该题与’93MET31题考点完全一致。这里play 意为“举行”,及物动词,过去分词played与主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系,表示被动动作,在此用作非限制性定语。
二、非谓语动词疑难剖析
以上高考题例显示,非谓语动词考点都是就其最基本的内容与用法设计的,例如,非谓语动词用作补足语,用作状语,分别表示原因、条件、伴随情景等。但非谓语动词的形式、用法还远不止这些,如它们的否定式、进行式、完成式、多种复合结构等等。掌握这些内容,对于全面把握非谓语动词,加深对动词意义的理解,增强运用能力,并最终提高阅读能力,都具有重要意义。以下是对几个难点的探讨。
1.非谓语动词的复合结构
(1)不定式的复合结构:
其基本形式为“for (of)sb.to do sth.”,表达时,常使用it作形式主语,句型为“It is+adj.+for(of)sb.+to do sth.”。 这里不定式逻辑主语的引导词是学习中的难点。用for还是of 取决于前面形容词的意义,一般情况下用for,但形容词为品质形容词时, 形容词后使用of,如kind,nice,careful,warm-hearted等等。例如:
①It's too hard for a baby of 5 to walk so long a way.
②It's kind of you to help me with my English.
(2)动词-ing的复合结构:
这种结构的基本形式为“one's doing”,但所有格one's 在运用中有变化。规则为:①复合结构置句首或在正式文体中,使用所有格。②动词-ing的逻辑主语带有后置定语、逻辑主语为不定代词、逻辑主语为名词化的形容词、抽象名词等,使用普通格。③在非正式文体,尤其在口语中,不置句首时,常可互换。例如:
①Do you mind all of us coming together?
②His not coming in time made the teacher angry.
③I understand you/your refusing his offer.
④We hate the rich robbing the poor of their property.
⑤The noise of the desks being opened and closed could beheard out in the street.(S.B.Ⅱ.L.8)
(3)与with构成的复合结构:
作状语,表示原因、伴随状态等,基本形式为with sb.to do /doing 以及 with sth. to do/done(being done), 分别表示尚未发生、正在进行、已经过去的主动或被动动作。例如:
①With so much work to do,he can't go out for play.
②With a native leading the way,we had no trouble infinding the village.
③With the lovely dog wounded in the accident,Mrs Cooperstill feels sad.
④We need more people and money with the key projectbeing carried on.
注:这一语法结构在去掉with之后,就可转化为独立主格结构,但此结构目前尚不属高考范畴。
2.非谓语动词用作补足语
在感官动词、使役动词之后,常用非谓语动词作补足语,其形式同样活泼多变。但补足语若为不定式,谓语部分又为被动结构,则须保留不定式标志to。例如:
①The missing boys. were last seen playing near the river.(’94MET30)
②He rushed in and found something stolen.
③The boy was made to work for 12 hours a day.
④Don't have the horse running so fast, or it will gethurt.
注:使役动词后使用动词-ing结构,表示“驱使…一直做”或“听任…做”之意。
3.一些动词后的非谓语动词视其有无逻辑主语而形式不同:有逻辑主语时用不定式,而无逻辑主语时选择动词-ing形式。请注意对比以下常用词的结构特征:
┌allow doing
└allow sb.to do
┌permit doing
└permit sb.to do
┌forbid doing
└forbid sb.to do
┌advise doing
└advise sb.to do
例如:
┌They don't permit smoking in the office.
└They don't permit us to smoke in the office.
┌Father doesn't allow going out at night.
└Father doesn't allow me to go out at night.
4.一些动词,后接不定式或动词-ing时,所表示的时间意义不同,不定式表示动作未发生,动词-ing形式表示动作已经过去。例如:
①I told him of the matter again,for I forgot having methim after the accident.
②Don't forget to lock the door.It is not safe enoughhere.
5.一些动词,如try,mean,stop,get,send等,后接不定式或动词-ing形式,表示意义不同,试比较:
┌try to do“努力做”,含“不努力则难以完成”之意
└try doing“尝试做”,含“摸索方法”之意
┌mean to do“打算做”,含“有某种倾向”之意
└mean doing“意味着”,含“等同于”之意
┌stop to do“停下…去干…”,表示一动作停止, 另一动
│作开始
└stop doing“停止干…”,表示动作停止,不再继续
┌get sb.to do“请求某人做”,“说服某人做”
└get sb.doing“使某人开始做”
┌send.sb to do“指派某人做”
(5)┤send.sb doing “使某人(怎样)做”,表示
└动作开始后无法改变
还有些动词,后接不定式或动词-ing形式,表示语义无多大差别,多半可以互换,这些动词有begin,start,prefer等,不过当他们自身使用动词-ing形式时,其后常用不定式形式。
6.一些动词后只跟不定式,最常用的有ask,agree , decide , expect,learn,manage,offer,pretend,refuse,wish等。 一些动词后只跟动词-ing形式,最常用的有avoid(避免), appreciate , can't help(禁不住),enjoy,excuse,delay,finish , mind , miss,pardon,practise,resist,risk,suggest等。
7.少数常用动词使用时有自身的特点, 不可一概而论。 请注意hope,consider,suggest(建议)的用法特征。
hope后接不定式,不定式逻辑主语即句子主语。当hope后出现与主语不一致的人称或人物时,使用从句形式,而不使用hope sb.to do结构。
suggest 后接动词- ing 形式, 它的逻辑主语为句子主语。 若suggest后跟有人称或事物,则常使用从句形式,无suggest sb. todo 的用法。consider使用consider(考虑)doing,consider(认为)…to be/to do 或be considered to be/to do形式,也可使用从句。例如:
①I hope to go swimming this afternoon.
I hope Tom could come here soon.
②He considered trying again.
He considered us all to be wrong.
③They suggested setting out at once.
They suggested that we should set out at once.
8.由非谓语动词构成的复合词,常见形式有:
(1)名词+过去分词或动词-ing形式,如:
man-madedog-tired
English-speaking insect-eating
(2)形容词+动词-ing形式,如:
good-looking
bad-looking
(3)副词+过去分词,如:
newly-built
well-dressed
well-skilled highly-qualified
9.几种非谓语动词主动形式表示被动意义的用法。
(1)主语+系动词+to do
(2)主语+系动词+worth+doin
(1)和(2)两种结构中,主语是不定式或动词-ing形式的逻辑宾语。
(3)主语+need(want,require )+doing =主语+need +tobe done,但前者更常用。
以上几种结构中的非谓语动词均为及物动词或及物动词短语。
┌have sth.to do
│get sth.to do
(4)主语+ ┤
│find sth.to do
└give sb sth.to do
这些用法中,句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语,sth.为逻辑宾语,do为及物动词或及物动词短语。例如:
①I've got a proposal to make to you.
②We tried to find sth.to eat but couldn't.
10.几种固定结构表示特定的意义,它们不可随意改变:
to tell you the truth “实话告诉你”
generally speaking“通常说来”
judging from“从…来判断”
talking of ┐
├ “说到(谈到)…”
speaking of┘
considering that“考虑到…”
请看以下句子:
①Generally speaking,this book is not very difficult.
②Judging from what you said,he has taken a very good job.
③Considering that he has been in China for only a year,he speaks Chinese well.(《英语语法手册》薄冰)
以上非谓语动词难点分析是笔者近几年对中学英语教学实践的总结。非谓语动词的丰富内容与灵活用法,还远不止这些难点,在此,真诚希望广大同仁能共同探讨与交流。