高考透视与难考--非谓语动词的考点与难点分析_非谓语动词论文

高考透视与难考--非谓语动词的考点与难点分析_非谓语动词论文

高考透视,疑难扫描——非谓语动词考点与难点剖析,本文主要内容关键词为:动词论文,考点论文,难点论文,疑难论文,透视论文,此文献不代表本站观点,内容供学术参考,文章仅供参考阅读下载。

在中学英语教学中,动词的地位举足轻重,其形式活泼,用途广泛。除动词时态、语态外,动词的非谓语形式可谓另一重要内容,它具有多种功能与用法。正因为如此,非谓语动词在高考中的比重相当突出。以下是近几年非谓语动词在高考中的统计分析表:

分类 非谓语动词(可统计题)分布状况

单项题 完形题 拼写题 改错题 四题所点总分 权重值

'93MET43 6510.9%

'94MET43 6510.9%

'95NMET

432 8510.6%

'96NMET

242

1 7012.8%

'97NMET

232

3 7014.3%

上表显示,非谓语动词在可统计的题中所占比重已接近时态题,且较前些年有所增加。然而,中学生对这一语法项目多心存畏惧或略知一二,缺乏全面、系统的认识,学习中处于被动应付的局面。实际教学中,笔者三年来对我校(地区重点中学)刚进入高三年级的毕业生进行过连续问卷调查,发现能准确说出非谓语动词概念的同学寥寥无几,仅占5%左右。这说明绝大多数同学对非谓语动词掌握得不好,对其概念、用法、变化含混不清、模棱两可。同时也反映了非谓语动词在教学中的难度,它不仅抽象深奥,而且对其他语法知识有很大的依赖。

本文以非谓语动词高考考点作引导,分析其难点,摸索其特点与教学方法。

一、最新高考题析。1993—1997年的高考题,非谓语动词在考点设计上,呈现出以下的特色。现作简要分析(题后注原题号及标准答案):

1.How about the two of us______a walk down the garden? ('93MET17,Key:C)

A、to take B、take

C、taking

D、to be taking

简析:空白处所填词语taking与the two of us 一起构成复合结构,作about的宾语。

2.The computer centre,______ last year, is very popularamong the students in this school.('93MET31,Key:D)

A、openB、opening

C、having opened

D、opened

简析:这里应填入一非限制性定语成份,其意义相当于which wasopened。open为动词,此处使用过去分词,表示被动动作。

3.Charles Bahhase is generally considered ____the firstcomputer.(’93MET34,Key:C)

A、to invent B、inventing

C、to have invented

D、having invented

简析:consider表示“认为”的意义时,可跟不定式的复合结构。若不定式表示的动作在前,则使用其完成形式,本题中invent表示的动作早已过去。

4.The visiting minister expressed his satisfaction withthe talks,——that he had enjoyed his stay here.(’94MET20,Key:C)

A、having added B、to add

C、adding

D、added

简析:此处所填的词与其后的宾语从句构成状语,表示伴随情景。add是及物动词(有自己的宾语从句),此处adding表示主动意义, 所表示的动作与谓语动作同时发生。

5.The missing boys were last seen______near the river.( ’94MET30,Key:A)

A、playing B、played

C、playD、to play

简析:所填的词为主语补足语,因其后有明确的地点,补足语表示动作当时正在进行中,所以只能使用playing。

6.The first textbooks _____ for teaching English as aforeign language were produced in the sixteenth century.(’94MET32,Key:A)

A、written B、to be written

C、being written

D、having written

简析:所填的词与随后的介词短语一起构成后置定语,write 为及物动词,与前面所修饰的词有动宾关系,此处填过去分词,表示被动动作。

7.Paul doesn't have to be made_______.He always works hard.(’95NMET11,Key:B)

A、learn

B、to learn

C、learned D、learning

简析:使役动词是被动结构时,其后的不定式应保留to.

8.We agreed_______here but so far she doesn't turn up yet.(’95NMET19,Key:C)

A、having met B、meeting

C、to meet D、to have met

简析:动词agree后应接不定式。根据后一句的内容, 可知该不定式动作尚未发生,表示将来意义,所以填C项。而D项“to have met ”却表示动作已过去。

9.—You were brave enough to raise objections at themeeting.

—Well,now I regret_______that. (’95NMET26,Key:D)

A、to do B、to be doing

C、to have done

D、having done

简析:regret后所跟动词有to do 与doing两种形式, 不定式表示“为做某事而遗憾”, doing 表示“为做过某事而后悔”。“havingdone”则更强调动作已发生而无法挽回。

10.The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, buthis mother told him __________.(’95NMET34,Key:A)

A、not toB、not to do

C、not do it D、do not to

简析:所填短语意义应为“not to ride his bicycle in thestreet”,因前文出现过ride his bicycle in the street”,故可省略,避免重复,但不定式标志则予以保留。

11.________in thought,he almost ran into the car infront of him.(’96NMET23,Key:C)

A、LosingB、Having lost

C、Lost D、To lose

简析:这里分词短语的意义应为“As he was lost in thought ”,意为“由于陷入沉思”,这儿填入过去分词短语,表示一种状态,用作原因状语。

12.I would love______to the party last night but I had towork extra hours to finish a report.(’97NMET12,Key:B)

A、to go B、to have gone

C、going D、having gone

简析:本题考查非谓语动词与虚拟语气。would love to do 为一固定搭配形式,其中不定式表示想要做的动作。但此句中but 连接的句子说明其实动作并没有发生,所以这里要用虚拟语气表示与过去事实相反,选用B项。

13.The Olympic games,_______in 776BC, did not includewomen players until 1912.(’97NMET17,Key:C)

A、first playing

B、to be first played

C、first playedD、to be first playing

简析:该题与’93MET31题考点完全一致。这里play 意为“举行”,及物动词,过去分词played与主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系,表示被动动作,在此用作非限制性定语。

二、非谓语动词疑难剖析

以上高考题例显示,非谓语动词考点都是就其最基本的内容与用法设计的,例如,非谓语动词用作补足语,用作状语,分别表示原因、条件、伴随情景等。但非谓语动词的形式、用法还远不止这些,如它们的否定式、进行式、完成式、多种复合结构等等。掌握这些内容,对于全面把握非谓语动词,加深对动词意义的理解,增强运用能力,并最终提高阅读能力,都具有重要意义。以下是对几个难点的探讨。

1.非谓语动词的复合结构

(1)不定式的复合结构:

其基本形式为“for (of)sb.to do sth.”,表达时,常使用it作形式主语,句型为“It is+adj.+for(of)sb.+to do sth.”。 这里不定式逻辑主语的引导词是学习中的难点。用for还是of 取决于前面形容词的意义,一般情况下用for,但形容词为品质形容词时, 形容词后使用of,如kind,nice,careful,warm-hearted等等。例如:

①It's too hard for a baby of 5 to walk so long a way.

②It's kind of you to help me with my English.

(2)动词-ing的复合结构:

这种结构的基本形式为“one's doing”,但所有格one's 在运用中有变化。规则为:①复合结构置句首或在正式文体中,使用所有格。②动词-ing的逻辑主语带有后置定语、逻辑主语为不定代词、逻辑主语为名词化的形容词、抽象名词等,使用普通格。③在非正式文体,尤其在口语中,不置句首时,常可互换。例如:

①Do you mind all of us coming together?

②His not coming in time made the teacher angry.

③I understand you/your refusing his offer.

④We hate the rich robbing the poor of their property.

⑤The noise of the desks being opened and closed could beheard out in the street.(S.B.Ⅱ.L.8)

(3)与with构成的复合结构:

作状语,表示原因、伴随状态等,基本形式为with sb.to do /doing 以及 with sth. to do/done(being done), 分别表示尚未发生、正在进行、已经过去的主动或被动动作。例如:

①With so much work to do,he can't go out for play.

②With a native leading the way,we had no trouble infinding the village.

③With the lovely dog wounded in the accident,Mrs Cooperstill feels sad.

④We need more people and money with the key projectbeing carried on.

注:这一语法结构在去掉with之后,就可转化为独立主格结构,但此结构目前尚不属高考范畴。

2.非谓语动词用作补足语

在感官动词、使役动词之后,常用非谓语动词作补足语,其形式同样活泼多变。但补足语若为不定式,谓语部分又为被动结构,则须保留不定式标志to。例如:

①The missing boys. were last seen playing near the river.(’94MET30)

②He rushed in and found something stolen.

③The boy was made to work for 12 hours a day.

④Don't have the horse running so fast, or it will gethurt.

注:使役动词后使用动词-ing结构,表示“驱使…一直做”或“听任…做”之意。

3.一些动词后的非谓语动词视其有无逻辑主语而形式不同:有逻辑主语时用不定式,而无逻辑主语时选择动词-ing形式。请注意对比以下常用词的结构特征:

┌allow doing

└allow sb.to do

┌permit doing

└permit sb.to do

┌forbid doing

└forbid sb.to do

┌advise doing

└advise sb.to do

例如:

┌They don't permit smoking in the office.

└They don't permit us to smoke in the office.

┌Father doesn't allow going out at night.

└Father doesn't allow me to go out at night.

4.一些动词,后接不定式或动词-ing时,所表示的时间意义不同,不定式表示动作未发生,动词-ing形式表示动作已经过去。例如:

①I told him of the matter again,for I forgot having methim after the accident.

②Don't forget to lock the door.It is not safe enoughhere.

5.一些动词,如try,mean,stop,get,send等,后接不定式或动词-ing形式,表示意义不同,试比较:

┌try to do“努力做”,含“不努力则难以完成”之意

└try doing“尝试做”,含“摸索方法”之意

┌mean to do“打算做”,含“有某种倾向”之意

└mean doing“意味着”,含“等同于”之意

┌stop to do“停下…去干…”,表示一动作停止, 另一动

│作开始

└stop doing“停止干…”,表示动作停止,不再继续

┌get sb.to do“请求某人做”,“说服某人做”

└get sb.doing“使某人开始做”

┌send.sb to do“指派某人做”

(5)┤send.sb doing “使某人(怎样)做”,表示

└动作开始后无法改变

还有些动词,后接不定式或动词-ing形式,表示语义无多大差别,多半可以互换,这些动词有begin,start,prefer等,不过当他们自身使用动词-ing形式时,其后常用不定式形式。

6.一些动词后只跟不定式,最常用的有ask,agree , decide , expect,learn,manage,offer,pretend,refuse,wish等。 一些动词后只跟动词-ing形式,最常用的有avoid(避免), appreciate , can't help(禁不住),enjoy,excuse,delay,finish , mind , miss,pardon,practise,resist,risk,suggest等。

7.少数常用动词使用时有自身的特点, 不可一概而论。 请注意hope,consider,suggest(建议)的用法特征。

hope后接不定式,不定式逻辑主语即句子主语。当hope后出现与主语不一致的人称或人物时,使用从句形式,而不使用hope sb.to do结构。

suggest 后接动词- ing 形式, 它的逻辑主语为句子主语。 若suggest后跟有人称或事物,则常使用从句形式,无suggest sb. todo 的用法。consider使用consider(考虑)doing,consider(认为)…to be/to do 或be considered to be/to do形式,也可使用从句。例如:

①I hope to go swimming this afternoon.

I hope Tom could come here soon.

②He considered trying again.

He considered us all to be wrong.

③They suggested setting out at once.

They suggested that we should set out at once.

8.由非谓语动词构成的复合词,常见形式有:

(1)名词+过去分词或动词-ing形式,如:

man-madedog-tired

English-speaking insect-eating

(2)形容词+动词-ing形式,如:

good-looking

bad-looking

(3)副词+过去分词,如:

newly-built

well-dressed

well-skilled highly-qualified

9.几种非谓语动词主动形式表示被动意义的用法。

(1)主语+系动词+to do

(2)主语+系动词+worth+doin

(1)和(2)两种结构中,主语是不定式或动词-ing形式的逻辑宾语。

(3)主语+need(want,require )+doing =主语+need +tobe done,但前者更常用。

以上几种结构中的非谓语动词均为及物动词或及物动词短语。

┌have sth.to do

│get sth.to do

(4)主语+ ┤

│find sth.to do

└give sb sth.to do

这些用法中,句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语,sth.为逻辑宾语,do为及物动词或及物动词短语。例如:

①I've got a proposal to make to you.

②We tried to find sth.to eat but couldn't.

10.几种固定结构表示特定的意义,它们不可随意改变:

to tell you the truth “实话告诉你”

generally speaking“通常说来”

judging from“从…来判断”

talking of ┐

├ “说到(谈到)…”

speaking of┘

considering that“考虑到…”

请看以下句子:

①Generally speaking,this book is not very difficult.

②Judging from what you said,he has taken a very good job.

③Considering that he has been in China for only a year,he speaks Chinese well.(《英语语法手册》薄冰)

以上非谓语动词难点分析是笔者近几年对中学英语教学实践的总结。非谓语动词的丰富内容与灵活用法,还远不止这些难点,在此,真诚希望广大同仁能共同探讨与交流。

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高考透视与难考--非谓语动词的考点与难点分析_非谓语动词论文
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