输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术在同期治疗双肾及双侧输尿管上段结石中的应用(附58例报告)论文_姜明东,梁博,刘泓键,肖艳红,奉友刚,孙先禹,曾

输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术在同期治疗双肾及双侧输尿管上段结石中的应用(附58例报告)论文_姜明东,梁博,刘泓键,肖艳红,奉友刚,孙先禹,曾

(遂宁市中心医院泌尿外科 四川 遂宁 629000)

【摘要】目的:探讨输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术同期治疗双肾及双侧输尿管上段结石的临床应用价值。方法:回顾性分析2013年7月至2017年3月58例采用输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术同期治疗双肾及双侧输尿管上段结石患者临床资料。结果:本组58例均顺利放置软镜鞘,一次进镜成功率100%。手术平均101.4±28.9min,平均术后住院时间4.0±1.5d。术中无大出血、输尿管或肾盂穿孔、输尿管撕脱等并发症发生,术后5例出现尿路感染,经积极抗感染治疗后好转。术后第2日复查腹部站立位平片,36例多发结石有部分残留,残石均位于下盏,大小0.2cm~0.6cm。因无梗阻且无症状,予保守观察。22例无结石残留,39例患者于术后2~4天出院。术后1个月复查KUB或彩超,13例残留结石约0.3cm左右,属无意义结石,予保守治疗;5例残留结石0.5cm~0.6cm,其中3例予二次单侧输尿管软镜钬激光碎石治疗,1例予体外冲击波碎石治疗后痊愈,1例为海绵肾合并结石,残余结石0.6cm,无症状体征,予保守治疗。同期双侧输尿管软镜治疗双肾及双侧输尿管上段结石结石清除率为91.4%(53/58)。结论:输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术同期治疗双肾及双侧输尿管上段结石创伤小、并发症少,结石清除率高、具有较高的临床应用价值。

【关键词】输尿管软镜;钬激光;肾结石;输尿管结石;同期

【中图分类号】R699 【文献标识码】A 【文章编号】2095-1752(2018)15-0167-02

One-stage flexible ureteroscopy combined with holmium laser lithotripsy for dual renal and dual upper ureter calculi

Jiang Mingdong, Liang Bo,Liu Hongjian,Xiao Yanhong,Feng Yougang, Sun Xianyu, Zeng dingsheng.

Department of Urology ,Suining Central Hospital ,Suining 629000,China

【Abstract】Objective To evaluate the clinical effect of one-stage flexible ureteroscopy with holmium laser lithotripsy on the treatment of dual renal calculi and/or dual upper ureter calculi . Methods A retrospective analysis of 58 cases of dual renal or/and dual upper ureter calculi, which were treated by using flexible ureteroscopy with holmium laser lithotripsy in our hospital from July 2013 to March 2017. Results Flexible ureterorenoscopes were successfully placed in all patients .The average operative time and hospital stay after surgery were 101.4±28.9 minutes and 4.0±1.5 days respectively .No severe complications occured .5 patients had fever after the procedure ,and then was improved by anti-inflammation . Re-examination by KUB on the second day after the surgery showed no displacement of double-J tube ,but visible granular high density (sized between 0.2cm to 0.6cm in diameter) in kidney in 36 patients .In one month after operation ,KUB or B-ultrasonography confirmed that most residual stones were discharged spontaneously.The residual stones (diameter ,0.5-0.6cm) were observed in 5 cases , of which 3 cases were under second operation and 1 case were under ESWL.1 residual stone (diameter , 0.6cm )was in a Medullary Sponge Kidney .Because the patient was symptom free ,further operation was not needed.The stone -free rate was 91.4%(53/58).Conclusion One-stage flexible ureteroscopy combined with holmium laser lithotripsy is a safe ,feasible and effective method for dual renal and dual upper ureter calculi, with minimally nvasion , high clearance rate of stone and less complication.

【Key words】Flexible ureteroscopy;Holmium laser;Renal calculi;Ureter calculi;One-stage.

硬性输尿管镜主要适用于输尿管中、下段结石,而对于输尿管上段及肾盂、肾盏内的结石,较为困难,几乎无法进行;PCNL可高效的处理输尿管上段及肾盂、肾盏内的结石,但创伤加大、并发症都相对较多。而软性输尿管镜可以观察和处理硬性输尿管镜不能到达的肾盂、肾盏内的结石,也能同期处理双侧肾及输尿管上段结石,配合钬激光能做到原位碎石。2013年7月至2017年3月,遂宁市中心医院采用输尿管软镜配合钬激光同期治疗双侧输尿管上段及肾结石58例,效果良好,现报道如下。

1.对象与方法

1.1 临床资料

男34例,女24例,年龄23~71岁,平均48.6岁。双肾结石23例,双肾结石伴单或双侧输尿管下段结石28例,一侧肾结石伴双侧输尿管上段结石2例,双侧输尿管上段结石2例,一侧肾结石伴对侧输尿管上段结石3例。结石最大径0.5cm~3.6cm,平均1.35±0.61cm 。术前均行彩色多普勒超声、CT检查,3例增加IVU检查。4例曾行体外冲击波碎石治疗,4例曾行输尿管镜碎石治疗,1例曾行经皮肾镜碎石治疗。1例为海绵肾合并结石,1例为脊柱侧弯畸形合并结石。合并高血压6例,合并糖尿病4例,合并冠心病 1例。

1.2 手术方法

患者术前均行尿培养检查及常规预留双侧双J管7d~14d,其中21例尿培养结果为大肠埃希菌,2例为克雷伯菌,1例为变形杆菌,予抗感染治疗7天后复查尿常规及尿培养,决定是否需延长抗感染时间或手术治疗。手术时采用静脉复合麻醉,取截石位。先用输尿管硬镜将预留的双J管取出,在超滑导丝引导下插入软镜导引鞘至输尿管上段或接近肾盂。

期刊文章分类查询,尽在期刊图书馆Olympus输尿管软镜经软镜鞘上行至输尿管上段、肾盏寻找结石。使用200μm钬激光光纤,功率设置为6~15W进行碎石,将结石击碎至3㎜以下,部分患者用套石篮尽量取净结石。术后常规留置双侧双J管3~4周,留置导尿时间2~3d。

2.结果

58例由于术前常规留置双侧双J管,均顺利放置软镜鞘。手术时间65min~200min,平均101.4±28.9min。术后住院时间为2~10d,平均4.0±1.5d。术中无大出血、输尿管或肾盂穿孔、输尿管撕脱等并发症发生。术后5例出现尿路感染,经积极抗感染治疗后好转。术后第2日复查腹部站立位平片,36例多发结石有部分残留,残石均位于下盏,大小0.2cm~0.6cm。因无梗阻且无症状,予保守观察。22例无结石残留,39例患者于术后2~4天出院。术后3~4周复查KUB或彩超,13例残留结石约0.3cm左右,属无意义结石,予保守治疗;4例残留结石0.5cm~0.6cm,3例予二次单侧输尿管软镜钬激光碎石治疗,1例予体外冲击波碎石治疗后痊愈,1例为海绵肾合并结石,残余结石0.6cm,无症状体征,予保守治疗。同期双侧输尿管软镜治疗双肾及双侧输尿管上段结石结石清除率高,为91.4%(53/58)。

3.讨论

目前,治疗上尿路结石有6种方法,即体外冲击波碎石(ESWL)、开放性切开取石术、腹腔镜下切开取石术、经皮肾镜碎石术(PCNL)、输尿管硬镜碎石术和输尿管软镜碎石术。其中,输尿管软镜以其接近“无创”、安全、有效、并发症少、可重复治疗等独特的优势成为治疗上尿路结石的重要手段。输尿管软镜在先天性畸形如马蹄肾、盆腔异位肾等合并结石,肾盏憩室结石,肥胖合并结石,多囊肾合并结石,儿童上尿路结石等方面具有独特的优势。Molinard[1]等报道,用输尿管软镜治疗17例马蹄肾合并肾结石,结石清除率为88.2%(15/17)。Sejiny[2]等报道,用输尿管软镜治疗38例肾盏憩室结石,结石清除率为81.6%(3l/38)。Delonne[3]等报道,用输尿管软镜治疗29例肥胖合并肾结石,结石清除率为79.4%(23/29)。 Yili[4]等报道了对13例上尿路结石伴多囊肾患者行输尿管软镜碎石治疗总碎石率达92.3疗效显著。对于双肾或双侧输尿管上段结石,以往采取PCNL的方法,创伤较大,存在严重出血等并发症,而且往往需要两侧分期手术,输尿管软镜可不换体位同期处理双侧肾及(或)双侧输尿管上段结石,避免了肾及周围器官损伤和出血并发症,很大程度上减轻了患者的痛苦,显著缩短了住院时间。目前,FURS被越来越广泛地应用于治疗PCNL术后的复杂肾结石[5]、解剖或发育异常的肾结石[6]以及PCNL操作困难的肾结石。

一般认为直径<2cm的结石适合输尿管软镜,随着操作技术的提高,对于较大的上尿路结石甚至鹿角形结石,FURS可以达到较好的效果[7]。Aboumarzou等[8]对入选的9组455例(460侧肾脏)2cm以上肾结石采用输尿管软镜碎石进行处理的临床资料进行Meta分析,结果显示,平均手术时间82.5min(28~215min),平均结石清除率93.7%(77%~96.7%),直径2~3cm肾结石的结石清除率达95.7%,直径>3cm肾结石的结石清除率为84.6%。我们所研究的病例中,直径>2cm的结石有7例,5例一次性碎石成功,1例二期行输尿管软镜单侧碎石手术。对于直径大于2cm的结石,尤其是肾积水很轻的肾结石,可选择输尿管软镜碎石,考虑到碎石时间可能过长,可采取分次手术。但随着结石的增大,结石残余率增加,需要的手术次数也随之增多,因此Takazawa[9]等推荐分期软镜碎石适合结石在2cm~4cm之间,大于4cm则考虑PCNL或PCNL联合输尿管软镜碎石。

上尿路感染时较易并发菌血症,甚至脓毒血症,是软镜碎石的禁忌,术前需积极抗感染治疗。碎石过程中,须生理盐水冲洗,此过程中可能会有液体逆流入血液循环,存在术后感染可能。本组5例术后高热39℃,经加强抗感染治疗后痊愈。感染性休克是输尿管软镜术后最凶险的并发症,而结石大小、磷酸镁铵结石、高压冲洗、小软镜输送鞘均为软镜术后出现SIRS的独立危险因素[10]。预防术后感染性休克并发症我们的体会是:(1)存在上尿路感染时,积极抗感染治疗后手术(2)对于较大结石或感染性结石,须严格控制手术时间,必要时分期手术。(3)生理盐水冲洗须低速及低压,可选用较大的软镜输送鞘,利于冲洗及维持肾盂内低压状态。

输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术同期治疗双肾及(或)双侧输尿管上段结石创伤小、并发症少,结石清除率高、具有较高的临床应用价值,值得临床推广。

【参考文献】

[1] Molimard B,Al-Qahtani S,Lakmichi A,et al.Flexible ureterorenoscopy with holmium laser in horseshoe kidneys[J]. Urology, 2010,76(6): 1334-1337.

[2] Sejiny M,Al-Qahtani S,Elhaous A,et al.Efficacy of flexible ureterorenoscopy with holmium laser in the management of stone-bearing caliceal diverticula[J]. J Endourol,2010,24(6): 961-967.

[3] Delorme G,Huu YN,Lillaz J,et al.Ureterorenoscopy with holmium-yttrium-aluminum-garnet fragmentation is a safe and efficient technique for stone treatment in patients with a body mass index superior to 30 kg/m2[J].J Endourol, 2012,26(3):239-243.

[4] Yili L,Yongzhi L,Ning L,et al.Flexible ureteroscopy and holmium laser lithotripsy for treatment of upper urinary tract calculi in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease[J].Urol Res,2012,40(1):87-91.

[5] 曾国华,赵志健,钟文,等.经皮肾镜取石术联合二期输尿管软镜手术治疗孤立肾复杂性结石的疗效研究[J].中华泌尿外科杂志,2013,34(4):268-271.

[6] Ganpule AP,Desai MR.Urolithiasis in kidneys with abnormal lie,rotation or form[J].Curr Opin Urol,2011, 21(2):145-153.

[7] Cohen J,Cohen S,Grasso M.Ureteropyeloscopic treatment of large,complex Intrarenal and proximal ureteral calculi[J].BJU Int.2013, 111:E127-131.

[8] Aboumarzouk OM,Monga M, Kata SG,et al.Flexible ureteroscopy and laser lithotripsy.for stones >2?cm:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J].J Endourol,2012, 26(10):1257-1 263.

[9] Takazawa R,Kitayama S,Appropriate kidney stone size for ureteroscopic lithotripsy:When to switch to a percutaneous approach[J].World J Nephrol,2015,4(1):111-117.

[10] Zhong W,Leto G,Wang L,et al.Systemic inflammatory response syndrome after flexible after flexible ureteroscopic lithotripsy:a study of risk factors[J].J Endourol,2015,29(1): 25-28.

论文作者:姜明东,梁博,刘泓键,肖艳红,奉友刚,孙先禹,曾

论文发表刊物:《医药前沿》2018年5月第15期

论文发表时间:2018/6/1

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输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术在同期治疗双肾及双侧输尿管上段结石中的应用(附58例报告)论文_姜明东,梁博,刘泓键,肖艳红,奉友刚,孙先禹,曾
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