Adhering to a“People-oriented”Development Path
By CAO YONGFU
On March 23, 2018, at the Palais des Nations,Geneva, Switzerland, at the 37th session of the Human Rights Council of the united Nations, a China-proposed resolution entitled“Promoting Win-win Cooperation in thefield of Human Rights” is adopted.
S INCE the reform and opening-up, global attention has been riveted on China's enormous economic achievements; yet misunderstandings and prejudices concerning China are also mounting. For instance, certain people hold the view that officials at all levels of the Communist Party of China (CPC) merely focus on pursuing GDP growth and personal achievements whilst being less concerned about improving people's livelihood. Some consider that China's rise will pose a threat to world peace. Others believe that China's current political system is without a future, and that the only approach out relies on the acceptance of the Western values and political mechanisms.
The CPC, since its founding, is committed to safeguarding the interests of the working people. In the long process of socialist modernization, it has always adhered to the guiding principle of “people's supremacy and peaceful development,” which has been studied by many scholars in the fields of politics and history. With long-term study on economics, I believe that the governing principle of the CPC could be fully expounded based on the perspectives of politics, history, and economics.
All for the People
A myriad of ancient Chinese precepts elaborate the relationship between the ruling echelon and the people. For example, “the people count while the ruling stratum is of less importance,” and “water can both carry a boat and overturn it.” They imply that the ruling party, should it fail to garner the support of the general public and serve the people's interest, will be incapable of staying in power for long.
At the early stage of the reform and opening-up,the people's living standards were not high, so the CPC Central Committee shifted its focus to economic construction. This change adapted to the urgent needs of the majority of the people.
根据长委编制的《汉江夹河以下干流河段综合利用规划报告》，汉江丹江口水库二期工程完建和南水北调工程实施后，可基本替代沙洋以上14个蓄洪民垸的蓄洪量，同时杜家台分洪工程蓄洪区承担的分洪量将减少35%左右。但随着国民经济可持续发展和以人为本的要求，动用蓄洪围垸蓄洪的决策愈来愈难。因此，在汉江中下游防洪调度尤其是遭遇中小洪水时，利用行洪道分流将是优先考虑的洪水调度手段。
In order to achieve the goal of promoting employment, a slew of Western countries strive to improve the business environment, and local administrative bodies also compete in attracting investment. The efforts of Chinese local governments in attracting investment are unparalleled around the globe, as they devise extremely detailed assessment methods for attracting investment, and assign the tasks to departments at every level. Government officials, to ensure the implementation of investment projects,work day and night to follow up on projects and keep themselves directly accessible through mobile phones round the clock.
As the local GDP and fiscal revenue grow, related officials get a certain amount of material reward, but a very limited amount; the real benefit is reaped by the general public. A multitude of officials are well educated, and could reap hefty profits if they were to be engaged in private businesses. The reason why they are dedicated to their work undoubtedly lies in achieving career accomplishment. It is also the result of political incentive. In fact, the incentive is consistent with the officials' desire to improve people's living standards. Those officials who have made achievements in economic development and significantly improved their region win the people's respect.
EM断路器产生的热量主要源于其内部脱扣器和触头等导体的通电热效应，并通过热的3种传递方式由自身传导到周围空气中。其传热过程如图2所示。当EM断路器有负荷电流流过时，由焦耳定律可知，EM断路器的火线(L)和零线(N)回路的电能功耗转化为热能。热能经导体、内部气隙与外壳间的热对流以及导体与外壳间的热辐射，被传到外壳金属部分的内壁上。外壳内壁的累积热量通过热传导传递至外壳表面，最后经由外壳与周围空气间的热辐射和热对流，把热量传到周围的空气中。当负载电流、空气温度等条件不发生变化，热量的产生和耗散相等时，温度场达到平衡。
The working style with economic development as the central task targets the principal contradiction of the Chinese society, but inevitably produces some negative effects. Certain local governments would sacri fi ce the environment for economic growth,while others fail to pay sufficient attention to people's well-being, such as education and healthcare. However, it should be noted that achieving perfection is impractical, and these adverse effects definitely do not reflect the overriding conditions.
China's conflicts with certain countries are regional and all manageable. China's choice of a peaceful development path and its participation in globalization on the basis of its comparative advantages is rational and in line with the fundamental interests of the Chinese people.
Over the past 40 years of reform and openingup, people's lives have improved tremendously, and China's comprehensive national strength has been enhanced markedly. These achievements are the combined efforts of entrepreneurs,workers, and laborers from all walks of life. However, it must be acknowledged that these achievements are inseparable from the hard work and wisdom of officials at all levels.
Those officials who have made achievements in economic development and significantly improved their region win the people's respect.
The CPC, advancing with the times, adjusts its policies accordingly. In its 19th National Congress, the CPC stated that the principal social contradiction has been transformed into the contradiction between the people's ever-growing needs for a better life and unbalanced and inadequate development. This assertion indicates that the criterion to evaluate the performance of officials at all levels will be adjusted. While continuing to prioritize economic growth, more focus will be directed to issues pertaining to quality of life,such as environmental protection, education, and medical care. The transition, while not proceeding smoothly, is already advancing in the correct direction, as this transition is in sync with the fundamental interests of the majority of people in the new era.
Integration into Globalization
At the beginning of the 20th century, China wasa semi-feudal and semi-colonial country, which was subjected to oppression and exploitation exerted by Western powers. After the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, the foundation for industrialization was established. As its economy raced ahead after the initiation of the reform and opening-up, China gradually grew to be the second largest economy in the world. Many countries fear that China's rise will imperil global peace, which has virtually no solid basis.
Local officials of Fengdu, Chongqing Municipality,go to a povertystricken village to guide local poverty alleviation work on April 7, 2019.
On April 29,2017, villagers in Mombasa,Kenya, watch a train pass by on the Mombasa Nairobi Railway.The Mombasa Nairobi Railway is Kenya's first new railway since independence. lt was constructed by a Chinese corporation and completed according to Chinese standards.
Historically, wars originated from conflicts in religious ideology or territorial disputes, and the desire for economic resources. In agrarian society, land and grain constitute major economic resources for people to survive on, which has been the source of tribal strife. The central plains of China encountered offensives launched by nomads in the north, which resulted in the plunder of grains by the nomadic peoples suffering from famine.
In the era of industrialization, in addition to land and food, the strategic importance of mineral resources became increasingly prominent. A throng of industrialized powers launched wars and set up colonies, their key goals being to grab oil, coal, iron ore and other resources, because these resources happen to be of significance in ensuring the smooth progress of industrialization.
采用伊红美兰培养基[20]，分别接种10-5、10-6、10-7、10-8四个稀释梯度的悬浮液，将接种好的培养皿于30 ℃培养24 h后进行大肠杆菌计数。计数时选取边缘整齐、圆形、表面有光泽呈灰白色的菌落进行计数。
The central plains of China have come under the threat of wars launched by nomads in the north. The middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, despite being suitable for cultivation,are subject to the scourge of constant floods. The ancient residents of China, to secure survival, built the Great Wall and water conservation facilities under a centralized and unified leadership. Therefore, it is China's historical tradition to concentrate strengths on major undertakings.
A nation, as long as it possesses a large number of brilliant scientists and engineers, can consistently generate wealth and stay invincible. At present, the major developed countries have gained comparative advantages in thefields of information technology,pharmaceuticals, aerospace, and advanced manufacturing industries, and henceforth acquired subsequent and proportionate economic advantages.
In the future, rivalry among countries will no longer be con fined to military strength, but with comprehensive national power with high-tech at the core. There still exists a huge gap between China's current scientific and technological strength and that of the most developed countries in the West.Only in a number of specific industries, has China just joined the ranks of high-tech competition, which contributes to promoting the overall progress of human society.
With the progress of communication technology and the decrease of transport costs, the transnational flow of goods, services, capital, and personnel can benefit all concerned parties. Globalization is inherently irreversible. Trade protectionism provoked by individual countries is a short-term regional phenomenon, which is not sustainable and does not conform to the long-term fundamental interests of all countries. The present global production network closely interconnects all countries, and the economic interests of all countries are integrally interlocked.Clashes and wars will harm all related entities.
In the present world, the importance of these essential traditional productive factors has declined significantly. Property rights now go beyond land and resources to include knowledge and virtual spaces.The most vital productive factors are capital and technology.
黑龙江省的农作物秸秆总量约为6305万吨，其中玉米秸秆约3610万吨，水稻秸秆约1954万吨，大豆秸秆约741万吨[11]。
2.1 两组患者的临床治疗效果对比 实验组患者41耳的临床治疗有效率为87.80%，其中，22耳为治愈，14耳为好转，5耳无效；对照组患者37耳的临床治疗有效率为64.86%，其中，11耳治愈，13耳好转，13耳无效。治疗后实验组患者的临床治疗有效率显著高于对照组，差异有统计学意义(χ2=5.766，P=0.016)。
Improving Governance Based on National Conditions
Western countries, like the United States, have always held their liberal values as superior, and believed that they are obliged to spread their values to other countries.
Countries across the world have their own historical and cultural traditions and specific national conditions, and it is doubtful whether the simple application of Western political apparatus in other countries can take root.
Taking the comparison between China and the United States as an example, the latter, at the initial stage of its founding, had an abundance of fertile land. Farms were far apart, and families mostly resided in relatively independent villas. This mode of living has continued up to now, thus forming a cultural tradition of individualism and liberalism.
Historically, China is a country with a large population sharing common land. People living in groups have gradually shaped into numerous villages. Even in contemporary urban areas of China, people mostly reside in apartments rather than houses. The interpersonal bonds are more closely knitted, which will inevitably lead to the tradition of collectivism.
由于独特的语言个性，中文宣传文本多使用主观评论性的词语和句子，这一点在旅游宣传中尤为凸显;即便是在严谨的政府外宣文本中，也能不时看到一些形象、夸张的形容词或副词。在对应的英译文本中，译者要根据宣传文本的正式程度，适当增减主观信息的内容。
近年来北京高考数学理科卷 (以下简称“京卷”)压轴题目往往是一种离散型极值问题，呈现形式上以集合或数列为主，但几乎总是伴有新概念和陌生情境出现.例如，2010 年北京卷第20题中就涉及到了“抽象的空间”和“抽象的距离”概念，方便起见我们把原题呈现如下：
社会学解释。随着日常工作和社会环境的不断作用下，高校基层行政管理人员对自身职业认同的不断调整和变化，有了新的认识和态度。在建立职业认同感的过程中，有些行政人员对自身的职业产生了一系列疑惑。有学者认为能够从角色角度作为出发点研究职业倦怠现象，并认为角色间冲突、角色内部冲突和角色模糊是导致职业倦怠的主要原因。
Diverse historical and cultural traditions of various countries are rooted in their own conditions,which help to shape a unique national character.
There is no distinct superiority or inferiority between different political apparatuses. One nation can only judge whether a particular political system conforms to its national circumstances or not.
In the United States, presidential candidates resort to verbal attacks or sexual scandals to win over voters. Congressmen fight for partisan interests, and the federal government closes due to trivial budget disputes. The California high-speed rail project is in high demand, but has progressed at a glacial pace 10 years after its approval. The federal government failed to urgently mobilize resources when the floods in New Orleans in 2005 led to massive displacement,social unrest, robbery, and arson. In the face of all those, the U.S. elites and public also realized that their political system is far from perfect. The consequences of spreading it to other countries will be a matter of concern.
The economic base determines the superstructure. With the improvement of the living standards of the Chinese people, people's awareness of fairness and political participation has been enhanced.The reform of China's political system has achieved marked progress since the reform and opening-up.
For example, China has established a civil service system, nepotism has been stopped, and official selection and appointment has been standardized.The system of self-governance of villages has been carried out across the nation, promoting values of democracy at the primary level. When ordinary people have a dispute with a certain government department, they will have the option to resort to the law. It is not objective to turn a blind eye to the great progress of China's political system reform.
China's political system certainly needs to be improved, and this process demands drawing references from the outstanding achievements of civilizations around the globe. But China boasts a long history and brilliant civilization which has sustained for 5,000 years. China is the most populous country in the world.It is not wise to indiscriminately copy the Western systems blindly, when people are fully aware of the existing defects.
In short, with the increase of total economic output,China will inevitably be questioned and criticized more as it is in constant focus, a situation which any power in the world will face in the course of its growth. The CPC adheres to prioritizing the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people, which is the key for the ruling party to avoid being eliminated by historical progress.
一些观点认为，塑料吸管的“一次性属性”太明显，它很容易被随意遗弃在某个不起眼的角落，而不是像大件的塑料废物那样被妥善回收。
China will coexist peacefully and develop jointly with other countries in the world, which is the rational choice in the era of high-tech and intensive globalization. China will adopt a road suitable to its own national conditions. The world will be a beautiful and prosperous place when diversity and inclusiveness are cherished.
The CPC adheres to prioritizing the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people,which is the key for the ruling party to avoid being eliminated by historical progress.
CAO YONGFU is an associate research fellow at the Institute of World Economics and Politics with the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences.
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