2018年8月28日，埃塞学员在四川泸州市纳溪区白节镇学习竹编技艺
On August 28,2018,Ethiopian appendices learn bamboo weaving skills in Naxi District,Luzhou City,Sichuan Province （东方IC 供图）
在亚的斯亚贝巴一所孤儿院里，中国医生为一名儿童听诊
A Chinese doctor examines a kid at an orphanage in Addis Ababa,Ethiopia
（新华社 供图）
十年消除疟疾计划来源于中国对抗疟疾的成功经验：过去十年里，中国在非洲设立了几十个防治疟疾中心，帮助马拉维实现了疟疾零死亡，以清除传染源为核心的中国原创青蒿素复方在非洲很多国家证明了其可行性。
埃塞俄比亚曾经疟疾肆虐，人民深受其害，为此，埃塞制定了“医疗十年”计划，计划在2030年前彻底消除疟疾。
在“非洲屋脊”共筑希望
文：本刊记者 李卉嫔
People’s livelihood: building dreams together on the “roof of Africa”
良好的问题情境一起学生的情感体验，促使学生主动的构建知识，充分发挥学生的积极性、主动性和创造性，提高课堂教学效率。本案例以求的值的问题引入，情境简单、起点不高，但能有效的沟通学生的新旧经验，能够使学生产生兴趣，迅速地把精力集中到对重点问题——“如何求大角的三角函数值”的深入研究。
教育篇：“我们也能创造奇迹”
埃塞是非洲最大的竹林国家，竹制品是其重要的外汇来源之一。2018年9月，四川省泸州市纳溪区白节镇，迎来了不远万里而来的38 名埃塞俄比亚学员。他们来这里学习竹产品生产加工技艺：将藤条扭成适合的形状，连接接头，切割机去料，纱布打磨等一系列工序下来，小巧的吊灯、台灯，实用的餐垫、精美的竹藤家具便诞生了。师傅手把手教，学生一点一滴学，短短一周时间，埃塞学员进步神速。学员们感慨，没想到竹木藤能做出这么多东西，希望通过这次学习，把优秀的技艺带回家乡。
十年来，从手工艺品、服装、鞋等轻工业品制作，到火车驾驶、铁路运营、飞机驾驶等大型工种，中国有针对性地为埃塞俄比亚开展各种职业技能培训、援建学校。2008年开始投入使用的埃塞-中国职业技术学院是中国援助非洲的最大教育项目。
“十年”这个时间段，对埃塞俄比亚来说，有着非同寻常的意义：十年是埃塞义务教育的起点；是彻底消除疟疾的终点；是经济腾飞、GDP 平均增长10%的节点，是成为东非第一大经济体的蜕变。
十年消除疟疾计划的完成也与中埃40年医疗合作打下的坚实基础密切相关。
随着两国教育合作愈加紧密，“留学”不再是梦想，越来越多埃塞年轻人选择到中国“圆梦”。操着一口流利普通话的纳必永是一名埃塞留学生。2012年，他在父亲的鼓励下，来到天津大学建筑学院开始本科学业。几年后，对中国文化的喜爱让他继续留下攻读硕士学位。“对我来说，天津大学是我的第二个家，当我18 岁来到这里时，还是个懵懂的少年，但当我即将离开时，已对自己有了清晰的人生规划。”纳必永说。
十年前，埃塞俄比亚的中学课本载入了这样的一课：中国在近代也贫穷落后，但近几十年通过勤奋创造了经济奇迹；既然中国能由穷变富，那么我们埃塞俄比亚也能创造经济奇迹。中国奇迹来自其人民都受过基本的教育，渴望用自己的勤奋努力获得更好的生活。这篇课文在埃塞俄比亚青年中产生了极大的震撼，希望学习中国模式、到中国学习的年轻人越来越多。
乡村文化的空间表征是指乡村建设者对乡村的文化空间的自觉自主规划建设，被表征的空间也是被知识和意识支配的空间。如果说种茶和传统道教信仰是基于自然和生计之上的空间实践的话，那么茶坛则是乡村建设者们对茶乡的文化表征行为。其成败与否与是否有利于生计发展和社会制度建立、乃至能否成为发挥”无形之手“的作用的意识形态，也即与村民的文化空间再现有关。五山茶坛的建设是在绿十字NGO组织负责人孙君、五山镇党委书记余宝军和湖北玉皇剑茶业有限公司负责人张于学等人的共同努力，以及上级政府的支持下完成的。其目的是为乡村自治构筑一道”看不见“的道德界限[10]。
医疗篇：抵御疟疾护航健康
民生
在高职EDA教学中教师应结合实际教学情况，确定不同于本科学生的教学目标。目标要切实可行，理论讲解、动手实践比例要适宜。
此外，采用日立高新科技公司SU8020型场发射扫描电镜对碳酸钙高温煅烧产物和硬硅钙石纤维的微观形貌进行表征，加速电压为5.0 kV，放大倍数25 000倍。采用日本理学公司的MINFLEX600型X射线衍射仪对硬硅钙石纤维进行物相分析，40 kV，15 mA，铜靶Kα，步长0.02°，扫描速率10°/min，扫描角度2θ=5°～78°。
十年来，中国向埃塞俄比亚派遣教师、捐赠教学设施、提供培训课程，发展职业教育以促进经济发展和人力资源开发，成绩斐然。在埃塞的中国企业为当地人提供技能培训，提供实习机会，埃塞已成为中国援外培训资源的最大受益国之一。
其中用来表示拟合优度的为调整后的判定系数R方为0.975，这说明有97.5%的影响因素可以由此模型来加以解释，相应的各自变量的系数显著性概率值全都小于0.05，所有的T值均大于临界值T（27-3-1）=2.069，表示结果在α=0.05的水平上是显著的。此外，该回归模型的DW值为1.4，说明随机误差项不存在一阶序列相关；AIC值为-0.63较小意味着滞后阶数较为合适。总体表明所建立的回归模型比较好。
45年前，中国首批援助医疗队来到季马，心血管专家梅庚年担任医疗队队长，期间他的团队攻克了多个医疗难题。次年8月，埃塞俄比亚发生严重旱灾，参与救灾的梅庚年不幸遭遇车祸、以身殉职。他被誉为非洲的“中国白求恩”。埃塞政府在梅庚年墓前立起三座大理石墓碑，以纪念他的国际主义精神。
40 多年来，一批批援助埃塞的中国医务人员，踏着梅庚年的足迹，奉献在埃塞俄比亚高原。尤其是在“一带一路”倡议的推动下，中国对埃塞的医疗援助力度越来越大。
HDPE管材和管件到场后应水平堆放在平整的场地上，高度不超过1.5m。管材和管件应分类堆放整齐并挂牌标示，便于取拿。露天堆放时用彩条布或帆布遮盖。材料进场后及时检查清点，是否有缺项及损坏。
2018年8月，在首都亚的斯亚贝巴的中国-埃塞俄比亚友好医院，来自河南省平顶山市第二人民医院的外科副主任医师张天鹏正在与当地医生沟通患者的病情。时年37岁的他随中国援埃塞第20 批医疗队在这里已经工作一年了。
位于亚的斯亚贝巴的中国-埃塞俄比亚友好医院
The Ethio-China Friendship Hospital,located in Addis Ababa,Ethiopia
（新华社 供图）
非洲七国青年创业者求学阿里巴巴，马云亲自传授经验 （东方IC 供图）
Jack Ma lectures young entrepreneurs from seven African countries at Alibaba
张天鹏说，“这一年的经历对我一生都是一种很难得的历练。”走在医院会有人突然说“你好！”“China！”。有一次手术做到一半，发现后面围了一圈当地的医生在拍照观察。“也有家属紧紧地握着我们的手，虽然很多当地话我们听不懂，但能看出他们眼神中带着由衷的感激。”张天鹏回忆道。
一年多里，张天鹏所在的这支医疗队在受援医院共开展各类手术512 台次；日常门诊病人共11647 人次；麻醉386 人次；X 光检查11151 人次，B 超检查9759 人次，化验检查1370 人次，针灸治疗9356 人次，带动了埃塞医疗水平的提高。
埃塞卫生部国务部长凯贝德·沃尔库表示，“中国帮助我们健全完善了医疗体系，援建了现代化医院，并配备药品和急需的医疗设备，我们期待着更多的双边合作。”
十年教育铸魂，十年医疗强身，前者为发展指路，后者为发展护航。未来十年，还有更多如梅庚年、张天鹏一样的中国医生将奉献于埃塞俄比亚高原，为其无数个十年医疗计划的如期完成添砖加瓦。
For Ethiopia,a decade implies particular importance. In the past decade,the country has witnessed its economic take-off,with its annual GDP growth reaching 10%; in the upcoming decade,it will fulfill its medical plan to eliminate malaria; one decade also represents the time span for its compulsory education.
Education: “we can also create miracles”
Ethiopia has the largest bamboo forests in Africa,with bamboo products as one of its important sources of foreign exchange. In September 2018,Baijie Town,Naxi District,Luzhou,Sichuan,embraced 38 Ethiopian apprentices who came from afar to learn the production and processing skills of bamboo products,from wrenching rattan into desired shapes to connecting with joints,from deflashing with cutters to polishing with abrasive paper. From such small ornaments as ceiling lamps and table lamps to practical placemat and exquisite rattan furniture,the masters taught the students hand by hand,while the students learned little by little. In such a short period of one week,these Ethiopian students made rapid progress. The students sighed with emotion that they never thought they could make so many objects with rattan,and hoped to bring back excellent skills through this training session. In the past decade,from the production of such light industry products as handicrafts,apparel,and footwear to such major professions as the operation of trains,railways,and aircraft,China has provided various kinds of vocational skill trainings to Ethiopia and assisted in building schools there. Ethio-China Polytechnic College,which has been in operation since 2008,is the largest education project aided by China in Africa.
During the past decade,China sent teachers,donated teaching facilities,and provided training courses to Ethiopia,aiming to boost the development of economy and human resources by developing vocational education,which has recorded remarkable achievements. Chinese enterprises in Ethiopia also provided locals with skill trainings and intern opportunities,making Ethiopia the largest beneficiary of China’s training resources for foreign countries.
With the closer cooperation in education between China and Ethiopia,“studying abroad” is no longer only a dream for Ethiopians,and more and more Ethiopian youngsters choose to “fulfill their dreams” in China. Nabiyong,who speaks Mandarin fluently,is an Ethiopian student in China. Encouraged by his father,he came to pursue his bachelor’s degree in the School of Architecture,Tianjin University. As interested in Chinese culture,he continued to study for the master’s degree a few years later. “For me,Tianjin University is my second home. When I came here at 18 years old,I was still an innocent teenager,but when I am about to leave here,I have a clear life plan,” said Nabiyong.
Ten years ago,there was a lesson in the text book for secondary school students in Ethiopia,which read: China used to be a poor underdeveloped country in modern times too,but has created economic miracles through diligent work in recent decades; as long as China can develop from a poor country to a rich one,then Ethiopia can also create economic miracles. China’s economic miracles result from the fact that most of its people have received basic education,and are eager to live a better life through hard work. This text shocked many Ethiopian youngsters,and then an increasing number of them hoped to learn from China’s development mode and study in China.
Medical care: fighting against malaria and safeguard health
Ethiopia was once a malaria-endemic country with its people deeply suffered. Therefore,Ethiopia prepared a “ten-year” medical plan,namely the plan to eliminate malaria before 2030.
The “ten-year” malaria elimination plan comes from China’s successful practice of fighting against malaria: in the past decade,China has set up dozens of malaria prevention centers in Africa,helping Malawi realize the goal of zero death from malaria; “China’s malaria prevention program”,the core of which is using artemisin in compound to eliminate infection sources,has proved its feasibility in many African countries.
The completion of the “ten-year” malaria elimination plan is closely related to the solid foundation laid by the 40-year China-Ethiopia medical cooperation.
45 years ago,the first Chinese medical aid team,which was led by angiocarpy expert Mei Gengnian,came to Jimma. During their stay there,the team overcame many medical difficulties. In the next August after their arrival,Ethiopia was hit by severe drought. Mei Gengnian participated in the disaster relief,and unfortunately died at his post in a car accident. He has been reputed as “Chinese Bethune” in Africa. The Ethiopian government set up three marble tombstones in front of Mei Gengnian’s tomb to commemorate his spirit of internationalism.
Over the past over 40 years,groups of Chinese medical aid workers followed the footsteps of Mei Gengnian,devoting themselves on the Ethiopian Highlands. Especially with the boost of the Belt and Road Initiative,China is providing more and more medical aids to Ethiopia.
In August 2018,in the Ethio-China Friendship Hospital in Addis Ababa,the capital of Ethiopia,Mr. Zhang Tianpeng,associate chief surgeon from Pingdingshan the Second People’s Hospital of Henan was talking about patient’s conditions with local doctors. He,37-year-old at that time,had been working with the 20th batch of the Chinese medical team in Ethiopia for one year.
Zhang Tianpeng said,“This is a valuable experience in my life.” When he was walking in the hospital,someone would suddenly say “Hello!”“China!”. Once when he was performing an operation,he found himself surrounded by local doctors who were taking photos and observing. “Some patients’ family members would hold our hands tightly. Although we cannot understand many local words,we can see the gratitude in their eyes,” Zhang Tianpeng recalled.
In the past year,the medical team which Zhang Tianpeng belongs to has performed 512 operations in the aided hospitals; received 11,647 person-times of routine outpatients; anaesthetized 386 person-times; performed X-ray examinations for 11,151 person-times; performed medical ultrasound examinations for 9,759 person-times; performed laboratory examinations for 1,370 person-times; acupunctured 9,356 person-times,improving the medical services in Ethiopia.
Kebede Worku,State Minister of Health of Ethiopia,said,China helps us improve our medical system,aids the construction of modern hospitals,and supplies medicines and medical equipment needed badly. We are looking forward to more bilateral cooperation.
A decade of education aid shapes the soul,and a decade of medical aid improves physical fitness. The former shows the direction of development,while the latter guarantees the development. In the coming decade,there will be more doctors like Mei Gengnian and Zhang Tianpeng devoting themselves on the Ethiopian Highlands,and helping Ethiopia complete its several “ten-year” medical plans.
责编：彭纳
标签：非洲论文; 埃塞俄比亚论文; 义务教育论文; 经济体论文; GDP论文; 竹制品论文; 纳溪区论文; 泸州市论文;