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形容词和副词的比较结构。内容广泛,题型活泼多变,一直是历届高考命题的活跃点之一。
例如。NMET1996和NMET2002分别有两道类似的单项填空题:
How beautifully she sings!I have never heard____.(NMET'1996)
A.the better voice
B.a good voice
C.the best voice
D.a better voice
(Key:D)
Boris has brains.In fact,I doubt whether anyone in the class has____IQ.(NMET2002)
A.a highB.a higher
C.the higher
D.the highest
(Key:B)
为帮助学生轻松搞清楚形容词和副词比较结构考点,下面简要地概括形容词和副词的比较结构。
一、比较结构中的替代问题
在than引导的比较状语从句中,为使行文简洁而经常使用替代手段。但必须在保证句意清楚,符合语法结构,不致产生歧义的前提下进行。常用的替代词有that,those,one等。
1.that一般用来代替表示事物的单数可数名词或不可数名词,而且该名词前常有定冠词the。
The salary of a singer is much higher than that of a bus driver.
歌手的报酬比公共汽车司机的高得多。
In winter the weather in Beijing is colder than that in Guangzhou.
在冬天、北京的天气比广州的天气寒冷,
2.those是that的复数形式,但它既可以指代人,也可以指代物。
The girls in our class work harder at English than those in yours.
在学英语方面。我们班的女生比你们班的努力。
The photos of Mars taken by satellite are much clearer than those taken from the Earth.
卫星拍摄的火星照片比在地球上拍摄的清晰得多。
3.one常用来代替有不定冠词的名词,既可以指人也可以指物。one前加the,this或that则表示特指。
A house in the country is cheaper than one in the city.
乡间的房子比城市的便宜。
This book is more interesting than the one you bought last Sunday.
这本书比你上星期天买的那本有趣。
4.that/those必须有后置定语。而one/ones既可以带前置定语也可带后置定语。当他们带有后置定语且指代的都是表示事物的可数名词时,他们可以互换使用。
Your story today is not more convincing than the one/that of yesterday.
你今天讲的故事不如昨天的有说服力。
5.在than引起的比较状语从句中,常省略某些成分,若只剩下一个名词(词组),句子往往会产生歧义。
例如:I know her better than you.这句话可理解为:
I know her better than I know you.
或I know her better than you know her.
二、比较结构中修饰语的使用
1.用于as…as…结构的修饰语常见的有just、almost、nearly、exactly、quite等,常置于as…as…前。
This box is almost/nearly as heavy as that one.
这个箱子几乎同那个箱子一样重。
2.用于more than结构的修饰语按惯用法可分解如下:
1)a bit,a little,slightly,somewhat等常用于肯定句,表示“……一点”,“……一些”。
This exercise is somewhat easier than that one.
这道练习比那道稍微简单一些。
After drinking some water,he felt a little better.
喝了些水后,他感觉好了些。
2)much,a lot,a good/great deal,(by)far等常用于肯定句,表示“……得多”。
The magazine is far more interesting than I expected.
这本杂志比我预期的要有趣得多。
This is much/by far the better of the two.
在二者中,这个要好得多。
3)even,still,all,用于比较级前,表示“更,甚至”的意义。
You must study hard to make still/even greater progress.
你必须努力学习,争取更大进步。
4)any用于否定和疑问句中,意为“丝毫,稍微”。
Do you feel any better?你感到舒服点了吗?
I can't stay any longer.我不能再呆下去了。
5)表示数量的词组或数词可用来修饰比较结构。
This river is three meters wider than that one.
这条河比那条河宽三米。
He is half a head taller than his elder brother.
他比他的哥哥高半头。
6)修饰比较结构的某些词或词组可由by构成短语,置于句末。
He is taller than his elder brother by half a head.
3.形容词和副词的最高级修饰语
1)almost,much,by far,far(and away),by no means,nearly等通常位于最高级的定冠词前。
This is far(and away)the best solution.
这就是最佳的解决方法。
This hotel is nearly(almost)the biggest in the village.
这家旅馆几乎是村子里最大的一家。
2)very及second,third等序数词只用在最高级形式的形容词或副词前,而very前必须有一个限定词。
She put on her very best coat at the party.
在晚会上她穿了她最好的外套。
The Yellow River is the scond longest river in China.
黄河是中国的第二大河。
3)by far可放在最高级(+名词)的后面,而far,far and away则不可以。
It was the best film by far that I've seen for a long time.
This is the biggest undergound river by far.
三、倍数表示法
1.A比B(大,小,高,低等)……倍,可表示为:
A.is…times+形容词或副词的比较级+than B
At least,the train runs five times faster than the boat.
火车的速度至少比小船的速度快四倍。
Afer the experiment,the plant is four times taller than it was before.
在实验以后,这种植物比过去高了三倍。
2.A是B的……倍,也可表示为:
A is…times as+形容词或副词原级+as B
Line AB is three times as long as Line CD.
线段AB是线段CD的三倍长。
四、几个比较结构的固定句型及意义
1.“比较级+than any other+可数单数名词”
比较级+than the other+可数复数名词”这两个结构含义相同、表达最高级意义。
例如:在玛丽的班里,他最勤勉。可译为:
Mary is more diligent than any other student in her class.
Mary is more diligent than the other students in her class.
2.“no,nothing,can't,never+比较级”结构。表示最高级意义,含有“没有……更……”之意。实际上,文章开头提及的两道高考单项填空题就属此类。
I have never read a more interesting novel.
我从来没读过更有趣的小说。
No TV play that I have seen is more interesting than this one.
我看过的电视剧没有比这更有趣的了。
As we know,nothing is more valuable than time.
众所周知,时间是最宝贵的。
3.no等否定词+as/so+形容词或副词原级+as…,表达最高级含义,“没有……更……”。
No film is so instructive as this one.
没有哪一部电影比这一部更富有教育意义。
There is,perhaps,no other sport in the world quite so exciting as skating.
也许世界上没有哪一项运动比滑雪更激动人心了。
4.“no+比较级+than”:否定前后两者。其意相当于“as+该形容词或副词反义词的原级+as”。
John is no richer than Tom.
约翰和汤姆一样贫穷。
The new robot is no bigger than your little finger.
这种新机器人和你的小指一样大小。
5.“not+比较级+than”,肯定前后两方,含有“比……差”之意,
He did not listen more carefully than you.
他听得并不比你更专心。
6.“not/no less…than…”,对前后两者都加以肯定,可译为“和……一样”,“不逊于”。
She is no less diligent than her sister.
她的勤勉不逊于其妹。