Guest editorial
Improving BRICS's public health and wellness through physical activity
In 2009,Professor Steven Blair predicted that physical inactivity would be the greatest public health issue of the 21st century.1 A public health problem is one that affects the health,function,and well-being of a large number of people.This problem will get worse,spread,and affect populations'health if it is not addressed as a collective community responsibility.Blair noted that physical inactivity and the associated adverse health outcomes of low cardiorespiratory fitness carried a high risk for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality,and if all persons were to get 30 min of walking at least 5 days of the week,preventable death and disability could be avoided.
Due to the high prevalence and negative impact on an array of health outcomes,physical inactivity is viewed as a global public health problem.2,3 A multinational population study of 1.9 million people surveyed from 168 countries shows global(age-standardized)prevalence of insufficient physical activity(PA)of 27.5%in 2016,a consistent value since 2001.3 Clearly,physical inactivity is a global problem and is a behavior that is difficult to change in people less inclined to exercise on their own.These trends also suggest the need for prompt,organized,and coordinated multidisciplinary efforts on a community-wide basis to get people moving as part of healthful lifestyle behaviors.
In this specially themed issue of the Journal of Sport and Health Science,we present the opinions of and perspectives on PA from researchers and practitioners regarding the importance of PA on the public's health and wellness in Brazil,Russia,India,China,and South Africa(the BRICS nations of national emerging economies).The BRICS nations include nearly 40%of the world's population,and with an increasing prevalence of noncommunicable diseases(NCDs),4 the importance of PA on health promotion and disease prevention is paramount in reducing population levels of NCDs,disabilities,and premature death.The BRICS nations are similar in their rapid economic development but differ considerably in their prevalence of NCDs and related health and disease risk factors,including levels of health-enhancing PA in children,youth,and adults.
In her commentary,Barbara Ainsworth provides an overview of the formation and purpose of the BRICS Council on Exercise and Sport Science(BRICSCESS).5 She highlights the burden of NCDs and their risk factors in the BRICS nations as a motivator for the development of BRICSCESS while emphasizing the potential impact of BRICSCESS by engaging volunteers and young scholars in community PA promotion.
通过对提升机卷筒结构作业过程的动态应力分析，得到了卷筒结构的动态载荷。然后定义材料的S-N特性曲线，输入整个工作循环中的载荷谱，根据相关的疲劳累积损伤理论对每一个载荷事件进行寿命计算。卷筒结构疲劳寿命计算流程如图13所示。
With increasingly rapid economic and social development and population growth in BRICS nations,we hope the outcomes of these scholarly opinion and perspective articles will provide insights into developing public health,promoting PA,and preventing NCDs in the diverse populations living in these countries.In looking to the future,we realize that a wide array of significant research needs and public health issues must be addressed in order to better understand multiple levels of influence on decreasing PA and preventing NCDs.From this perspective,we invite scholars,practitioners,and policymakers from international academic research and public health communities to join forces in the fight against physical inactivity and promoting and improving BRICS's public health and wellness through PA.
Li et al.provide an overview of the PA status in Chinese youth.Given the low proportion of school-aged children and adolescents engaging in recommended levels of PA and decades of PA participation decline,Li et al.offer their perspective on reversing the current status and unhealthy trends.Specifically,by adopting a public health approach,the authors propose a social-ecologic framework to understand factors that contribute to physical inactivity and to develop and implement evidence-based interventions aimed at increasing PA and sports activities to meet the goals of Healthy China 2030.
Carol Ewing-Garber shares her perspective concerning the importance of advocating coordinated multidisciplinary team approaches to adequately address the multiple dimensions of high levels of physical inactivity in BRICS nations.Dr.Ewing-Garber highlights the significance of considering age when studying PA,sharing data about PA disparities among persons 50 years of age and older.She also discusses the challenges of engaging PA in urban environments undergoing rapid urbanization and emphasizes opportunities for the promotion of social interaction and community engagement through PA.Dr.Ewing-Garber concludes her article with the need for great collaboration among members of BRICS countries to identify and develop country-specific approaches to promote and improve health behaviors such as PA.
From a perspective of the BRICS nations as emerging economies with substantial growth in the past 30 years,Jakovljevic et al.provide a discussion of the progress and challenges to health care funding and public health in the BRICS nations.They highlight the Russian Federation's economic investment in improving the health care infrastructure and programs to expand access to health care,increase fertility rates,improve longevity,and reduce mortality in urban and rural section of the country.
易者，变也。变则通，通则活，活则进。变革是人类社会发展的动力，大学发展亦然。大学从知识传播、知识发现、知识服务到大学社会化的不同阶段，无不追随着变革的步伐，与时俱进，适应社会需求，在推动社会进步中发挥着重要作用。
In their perspective on the BRICSCESS organization,Chin et al.describe the formation of a professional organization,the BRICSCESS.BRICSCESS aims to facilitate communication among future leaders and senior scientists in BRICS countries to find ways of promoting PA,exercise,sport,and proper diet with the overall goal of enhancing health and quality of life through healthful lifestyles.Members of BRICSCESS include educators,sports science professionals, community leaders,business leaders,and interested others.
Mielke and Brown remind us that a hallmark of any public health problem is that the problem affects specific high-risk populations disproportionately when compared to the rest of society.In their opinion,Mielke and Brown note an important public health issue related to PA inequality across sex and accentuate the adverse impact of economic and technologic changes in the BRICS nations on PA,especially in women.From the perspective of public health,their opinion speaks to the importance of recognizing gender disparities in PA and the need for empowering and creating opportunities for women to be physically active.
Competing interests
我从小就喜欢读书写作，梦想当作家，这与我性格安静有关。现在梦想实现了，真的很开心。记得中学时有一次与语文老师闲聊，听说我的梦想是当作家，他的表情立刻凝重了起来，他说当作家需要走很崎岖、艰难的路。我当时不能理解，现在也不以为然。对我而言，当作家一点都不困难。我从小作文很好，经常被老师当成范文在班上朗读，后来成了作家当年的同学们也认为是件理所应当的事，现在很多小读者问我写作的秘诀是什么？我总是这样回答他们—想成为作家，你得首先爱上阅读哦！
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
依据公式(3)引入产业创新速度的2次项估计其非线性效应，经检验采用固定效应模型，结果见表1。结果显示，所有变量均通过了统计检验，模型拟合优度为0.993。其中，产业创新速度二次项的弹性系数为－0.145，说明产业创新速度与创新效益之间呈倒U型曲线关系，产业创新速度弹性最高点取自然对数后为4.586，转换成产业创新速度为98.10%。即当产业创新速度小于98.10%时，产业创新速度越高，其弹性系数越大;当产业创新速度大于98.10%时，产业创新速度越大，其弹性系数越小。
References
1.Blair SN.Physical inactivity:the biggest public health problem of the 21st century.Br J Sports Med 2009;43:1-2.
2.World Health Organization.Physical inactivity:a global public health problem.Available at:https://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/factsheet_inactivity/en/.[accessed 17.07.2019].
3.Guthold R,Stevens GA,Riley LM,Bull FC.Worldwide trends in insufficient physical activity from 2011 to 2016:a pooled analysis of 358 population-based surveys with 1.9 million participants.Lancet Global Health 2018;6:1077-86.
4.Jakovljevic MB,Milovanovic O.Growing burden of non-communicable diseases in the emerging health markets:the case of BRICS.Front Public Health 2015;3:65.doi:10.3389/fpubh.2015.00065.
5.Uvinha RR,de Oliveria NRC,de Ridder JH,Chin MK,Durstine JL.The BRICS Council for Exercise and Sport Science(BRICSCESS):a new era has dawned.J Sport Health Sci 2018;7:425-8.
Barbara E.Ainsworth,Guest Editor School of Kinesiology,Shanghai University of Sport,Shanghai 200438,China College of Health Solutions,Arizona State University,Phoenix,AZ 85004,USA E-mail address:barbara.ainsworth@asu.edu
Fuzhong Li,Guest Editor Oregon Research Institute,Eugene,OR 97403,USA E-mail address:fuzhongl@ori.org
J.Larry Durstine,Guest Editor Department of Exercise Science,The University of South Carolina,Columbia,SC 29208,USA E-mail address:LDURSTIN@mailbox.sc.edu
Accepted 5 September 2019 Available online 13 September 2019
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2019.09.003
2095-2546/©Cite this article:Ainsworth BE,Li F,Durstine JL.Improving BRICS's public health and wellness through physical activity.J Sport Health Sci
2019;8:503-4.(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
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