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主从复合句(主要有名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句等)是《大学英语教学大纲》中的重点,也是四级考试的必考内容,几乎每年的试题都要出现。而许多考生在判断引导词that和what时,常感觉无法取舍,不知该选哪一个。下面以历年四、六级考题为例,对that与what的用法与区别作一分析解释。
一、宾语从句。主句的谓语动词后如果用that引导宾语从句,that只是引导词,不在句中作任何成分,有时可以省略;而what引导宾语从句在句中作相应的句子成分,相当于the thing that,表示“所……的”,不能省略。
例1 Physics is the present-day equivalent of_____used to be called natural philosophy,from which most of present-day science arose.
A.that B.all
C.which D.what (93.6.4)
解析:选D。what引导名词性从句,作介词of的宾语,what在从句中作主语,结构相当于the thing which/that。句意:物理学是过去被称为自然哲学的现代对等词,现代科学大部分起源于自然哲学。
例2 By success I don't mean_____usually thought of when that word is used.
A.what is B.that we
C.as you D.all is (96.6.4)
解析:选A。句意:我说的成功并非指我们使用该词时常会想到的东西。mean后无宾语,thought of前又无主语,这种情况下说明空格处必须填入一个既作句子成分、又起连接作用的问,故选择what。
例3 Although Anne is happy with her Success,she wonders____will happen to her private life.
A.that B.what
C.it D.this (00.1.4)
解析:选B。what引导宾语从句,在句中充当主语,且不能省略。句意:虽然安娜对白己的成功感到很高兴,但她想知道她的私人生活将会怎样。
二、同位语从句。一般在fact,news,evidence,concept,belief,doubt,thought,word,idea,truth,opinion,message,order,proof,suggestion,sign等抽象名词后,由连接词that引导同位语从句,说明抽象名词的内容或意义。that不充当任何句子成分,只起连接作用,虽然没有具体含义,但不能省略。
例4 The mere fact____most people believe nuclear war would be madness doesn't mean that it will not occur.
A.what B.which
C.that D.why (97.6.4)
解析:选C。句意:大多数人认为核战争是疯狂的行为,这是纯粹的事实,但并不意味着核战争不会发生。
例5 There are signs____restaurants are becoming more popular with families.
A.that B.which
C.inwhich D.whose (00.6.4)
解析:选A。句意:有迹象表明,餐馆越来越受到家庭的青睐。
有时从句如果太长,就不一定紧跟在所说明的名词后,这样不易被考生辨认而导致错选。如下例91年四级的63题:
例6 Evidence came up____specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as 6 months old.
A.what B.which
C.that D.whose
解析:选C。句意:有证据证明,出生仅6个月的婴儿能辨认一定的语音。本例中that引导的同位语从句与所说明的evidence分开,被放到句子最后,需要仔细判断。
三、主语从句。that引导主语从句位于句首时,无实意,不能省略。但多数情况下还是用it作形式主语,将that从句后置。而what引导主语从句,相当于the thing that,“所……的”,在句中作句子成分,不能省略。
例7 In some countries,____is called“equality”does not really mean equal rights for a11 people.
A.which D.what
C.that D.when (95.6.4)
解析:选B。句意:在有些国家,所谓的“平等”并不意味着所有人的平等。连接代词what引导主语从句,在句中相当于the thing that。that也可以引导主语从句,只是作连接词,在句中不作句子成分,而且that后应有完整的句子结构,that不能省略。
例8 This book will show the readers____can be used in other contexts.
A.how that they have observed
B.that how they have observed
C.how what they have observed
D.that they have observed (96.1.6)
解析:选C。show后接双宾语,直接宾语常为疑问副词或疑问代词引导的宾语从句或不定式,而C选项中how引导一个带有主语从句(what they have observed)的宾语从句。句意:这本书将告诉读者如何才能将所观察到的东西用到其他语境中去。
例9 The world's greatest sporting event,the Olympic Games,upholds the amateur ideal that____matters is not winning but participating.
A.anything B.it
C.what D.everything (96.1.6)
解析:选C。句意:全球最重要的体育赛事——奥运会,坚持非职业原则,即:重在参与,而非胜败。ideal后that引导同位语从句,而同位语从句中的主语又是个what引导的从句。
四、定语从句。all作主语时,定语从句由that引出。what是不能引导定语从句的。通常只能由that引导定语从句的情况包括:(1)先行词为形容词的最高级;(2)先行词为序数词;(3)先行词中有不定代词something,anything,nothing,everything,以及all,little等。
例10 All____is a continuous supply of the basic necessities of life.
A.what is needed B.for our needs
C.the thing needed
D.that is needed (90.1.4)
解析:选D。句意为:所需的是不断供应基本生活必需品。句中的all that is needed相当于what is needed;但all what is needed是错误的。
例11 These people once had fame and fortune;now____is left to them is utter poverty.
A.all that B.all what
C.all which D.that all (02.6.4)
解析:选A。句意:这些人都曾有过名誉和财富,而现在剩下的只有贫穷。
五、替代。在英语中为避免重复,常用that代替前面的不可数名词;用the one代替前面的单数可数名词;用those,ones代替前面的复数名词。
例12 By 1990,production in the area is expected to double____of 1980.
A.that B.it
C.one D.what (90.1.6)
解析:选A。that在该句中用来代替前面出现过的名词production。句意:到1990年,该地区的产量有望比1980年增加一倍。