英语和讲座(1)：——怎样学习写作(1)，本文主要内容关键词为：英语论文,讲座论文，此文献不代表本站观点，内容供学术参考，文章仅供参考阅读下载。
写作能力是认识能力、思考能力和文字运用能力的综合体现。一篇好的文章既能够体现作者的认识能力和思考能力，同时也能够反映出作者运用文字的能力。中国学生用英语写作时所遇到的最大问题是他们的思维能力远远超过了他们运用英语的能力，因此在遇到表述困难时，往往会觉得力不从心，甚至会觉得无从写起。于是尽量设法避开，抑或采用翻泽的手段，从而导致出现由英语单词构成的、英美人难以理解的句子。因此，开辟表达途径、提高表达手段也就成为学习英语写作的重要内容。
1.多读、细读、用心读，边读边写
开辟表达途径和提高表达手段的一个有效方法，是多读英美人写的文章。这里所说的“读”不仅指一般意义上为获取信息的阅读，而是包含着分析、体验、揣摩、模仿（习作）等一系列内化手段的主动学习过程。这个过程我们可以通过展示对下面有关国际象棋的短文的学习方法来加以说明。我们来看一看原文的第一段：
Of all the major games,chess is the most popular,the most widespread,and the oldest.It has a literature more extensive than that devoted to all other games put together.
我们先对这一段作一个结构上的分析：
第一句的主要结构是Of all the...,chess is...；第二句句首的it指Chess。
理解了结构不是学习的结束。对于学习写作的学生来说，理清结构、学会生词、能够朗朗上口只是学习的开始；更重要的是要在朗读中，体会这个结构所表达的意义的文字实现手段。此外，还需特别要注意词与词的搭配。
Of all the major games,
chess is the most popular,
the most widespread,
and the oldest.
It has a literature
more extensive
than that
devoted to all other games
put together.
朗读和背诵应重复多次，待这个结构熟记于胸，对表述这个意义的语言手段的熟悉便不只是停留在辨认的水平上。这时，你便不难写出这样的句子：
Of all the major games,soccer is one of the most famous and oldest.It has been played around the world for centuries,andwas invented in multiple places around the globe.
Of all the indoor competitive games,Ping Pong is the most widely played and popular.It can be played by almost anyone,young and old,male and female.
Of all the types of music,classical music is the oldest and most revered.It has been enjoyed by hundreds of thousands of people over the years.
这样的操练之后，便算基本掌握了这个表达的结构和用法。
我们每读一个重要的句子，乃至整篇写得上好的文章，都要格外关注作者的表达方式，并加以积极揣摩和模仿。久而久之，这些具体的表达方式的出处和所表达的具体内容或会被忘却，但在我们的头脑中却留下了越来越多能为我们自由支配的表达手段。随着可被使用的结构的增多，我们对于英语的敏感性也会增强，于是，阅读、听力、说话、写作和翻译时就会觉得游刃有余。
用心读的过程中也需借以写的配合。阅读中的另一个值得推荐的学习方法是做一些完成句子的练习。阅读中遇到了好的句子，尤其是见到那些可用于表达某种观点的句型时，可以自己尝试尽量用多种方式完成句子，我们来看一看以下这篇有关“读报”的短文：
I like to read news in the newspapernews about what's going on at home and abroad.I find that my favorite newspaper gives me a power over the news that does not exist with television or radio.Television and radio and computers can give us thelatest news and headlines; they can even take us to the scene where news is breaking.But only newspapers put the story in the proper perspective.Only newspapers can cover the story in-depth hours after the event occurs.Only newspapers have thetime and the staff to present every side of the story.Only newspapers have the time to get every side of a local issue.I can take the news at my own pace,and I can form my own opinion of the news stow in question.Current events are very important to keep up with because they teach us to better appreciate what is happening in our own life and how fortunate we are.I think that every well-rounded educated person should keep current with the news,and reading newspapers is a great habit that every person should develop early in life.
我们从中任意选出三个表达这一观点的句型：
I can take the news at my own pace.
I think that every well-rounded educated person should keep current with the news.
Reading newspapers is a great habit that every person should develop early in life.
然后逐句做完成句子的练习，先看第一句：
I can take the news at my own pace.
情态动词can后面可以随意地加上许多内容。建议读者在阅读句子的同时边读边想，设法以多种方法来改变这个句子的内容，如下例：
I can take the news at my own pace.
read and digest the news when I want it.
read between the lines.
form my own opinion of the news story in question.
take newspapers with me wherever I go.
set them aside mid- story and go back to pick up where I left off.
...
做的过程中尽量不要介入中文。这样做有助于提高对于英语的敏感性。
同样地，另外两句也可以做这样的练习：
I think that every well- rounded educated person should
keep current with the news.
keep abreast of the latest developments.
be well-informed.
be knowledgeable about the changes that are happening in the world on a daily basis.
follow important trends both at home and abroad.
Reading newspapers is a great habit that every person should develop early in life.
great enjoyment that people should cultivate.
pleasure that you can't afford to miss.
hobby that will benefit you all through your life.
great thing to do for your personal enjoyment.
再来看一段有关“钱”的短文：
I don't want to become rich,but I do need to have enough money for my basic needs.To me,money is not as important as other things like a job and relationships and family.So,I would be satisfied if I had enough money just for daily necessities.Some people point out that money is the root of all evil.But it is the love of money,and not money itself,that is the root of evil.When people love money,they can be led into illegal actionsand bad activities.They can become both greedy and proud as they compare themselves to those who are not rich.I have noticed the love of money tear apart families,and I have seen a lot of money worshipers develop into criminals,and I don't want thatto happen to me.So for me,just enough money to get by is fine.
本段文字中有两处用粗体排的句子。句首的一句是主题句，文中的另一句是这一观点的支撑句。我们先来看主题句，这是表达这一观点的重点句型：
I don't want to become rich,
but I do need to have enough money for my basic needs.
don't want to be poor,either.
do need to have enough money to get by.
don't want to be on welfare,either.
do want to make enough to remain to be financially independent.
don't want to worry about where my next meal is comiug from.
再来看支撑句
When people love money,
they could be led into illegal actions and bad activities.
could gradually lose their humanity.
could become consumed with material lust.
don't have time for the finer things of life.
become the slave of the god of money,and their god will soon destroy them.
have taken the first step on the path down to destruction.
can depart from the straight and narrow way,and take a pass to destruction.
以上的文字都是以单句形式出现的。写好单句是写好文章的前提。学生在能够写好单句之后，还需进行就某一个意义展开的语言形式的扩展练习。具体而言，就是在表达某一具体观点的句子后面附上几句话加以说明、解释或扩展，使之成为一个意义完整的表达单位。例如：
I don't want to become rich,but I do need to have enough money for my basic needs.I don't want to be poor or on welfare and Iwant to make enough money to remain financially independent.I don't want to worry about where my next meal is coming from.
When people love money,it is easy for them to be !ed into illegal actions and destructive activities.They may gradually lose their humanity and become consumed with material lust.They may cease to have time for the finer things in life and instead become a slave to the god of money.They might leave the straight and narrow path of living life well and take the first step on the path to destruction instead.
读者可以尝试着将其他几个句子扩展成一个意义完整的段落。
以下是另外两个例子：
Money is round and rolls away.The harder you try to hold on to money,the more likely it is that you'll lose it someday.Money is difficult to keep because most people like to spend money quickly.
Money is a source of trouble and woe.Many families have been torn apart by the greed that follows when one member gainsmore money than another.When a family gains more money,often each member wants to run off with their own share,instead of staying together.Money brings much unhappiness and strife where there used to be peace and harmony.