连词的误用与连词(短语)用法的比较_从句论文

连词误用及一些连词(词组)用法比较,本文主要内容关键词为:连词论文,词组论文,此文献不代表本站观点,内容供学术参考,文章仅供参考阅读下载。

1.他虽然失败了多次,但是他从不丧失信心。

误:Though he failed many times,but he never lost his heart.

正:Though he failed many times,he never lost his heart.

正:He failed many times,but he never lost his heart.

说明:though(或although)不能与but在一起连用表示“虽然……但是……”,用though就不能用but,用but就不能用though,只用其中一个就可以表示“虽然……但是……”的意思。但是though可以和yet或still连用,以加强转折语气,因此上面那句子亦可写作:

Though he failed many times,still he never lost his heart.

Though he failed many times,yet he never lost his heart.

2.因为他生病了,所以今天未来。

误:Because he is ill,so he is absent today.

正:He is absent today,because he is ill.

正:He is ill,so he is absent today.

说明:because是从属连词,so是并列连词,不能在同一个句子中出现。用because就不能用so,用so就不能用because。

3.由于领导未来,所以会议只好延期。

误:As the leader didn't come,so the meeting has to be put off.

正:As the leader didn't come,the meeting has to be put off.

正:The leader didn't come,so the meeting has to be put off.

说明:as是从属连词,so是并列连词,不能在同一个句子中出现;在意思上,as...so...不是表示因果关系的。

4.既然你已看过这部影片,我就不必邀你去了。

误:Since you have seen the film,so I won't invite you to go.

正:Since you have seen the film,I won't invite you to go.

正:You have seen the film,so I Won't invite you to go.

说明:since是从属连词,so是并列连词,不宜在一个句中同时出现。

5.在没有睡觉以前,我得把作业做好。

误;Before I did not go to bed,I had to finish my homework.

正:Before I went to bed,I had to finish my homework.

说明:before本身在句中已含有“在……没有……之前”,因此从句中不能再用否定式。

6.把工作做完之后,他才去睡觉。

误:He went to bed until he had finished his work.

正:He didn't go to bed until he had finished his work.

说明:关于till和until的用法有下列几点值得注意:

①两者都可用作介词,也可用作连词。例如:

We didn't hear the good news till Comrade Chang's arrival.直到张同志来到,我们才听到这个好消息。(介)

He stood there until his friend had passed out of sight.他站在那里一直站到再也看不见他的朋友。(连)

②两者的意思是“直到……时候”,“直到……时为止”,例如:

They won't go away till you promise to help her.在你答应帮助她以前,他们决不肯走开。

We must work till we succeed.我们必须坚持工作,直到成功。

③两者都有表示连续性的含义,因此当它们和begin,receive,stop,get up等短暂动词搭配时,动词一定要用否定式。例如:

他来了我才得到通知。

I received the notice till he came.(误)

I didn't receive the notice till he came.(正)

④当它们和延续动词连用时,动词既可用肯定式,也可用否定式,但所表示的意思不同:用肯定式,表示持续状态和动作;用否定式,表示特定时刻动作的转变,例如:

⑤当两者连接主从复合句时,主句可根据实际情况,使用各种时态,从句要用现在时代替将来时,现在完成时代替将来完成时。例如:

They will not begin the meeting until everythig is ready.(不是will be ready)一切都准备好,他们才开会。

7.这故事很有趣,我想再听一次。

误:The story was so interesting that made me to listen again.

正:The story was so interesting that I was made to listen again.

说明:that作为从属连词不能在从句中担当主语或其它成份。

8.无论到哪儿,必须依靠广大人民群众。

误:No matter you go where,you must rely on the broad masses of the people.

正:No matter where you go,you must rely on the broad masses of the people.

正:Wherever you go,you must rely on the broad masses of the people.

说明:从属连词no matter作“无论(或不管)”解,必须分别与疑问副词或疑问代词where,when,how,what,who,which等连用,才能引起从句。连接词一般要紧跟no matter,不能按汉浯的词序放在其它位置上。又如:

No matter what you do,you must do it well.

No matter when it is,you must heighten your vigilance。

9.约翰一到家,就发现母亲病得很重。

误:Hardly John got home when he found his mother seriously ill.

正:John had hardly got home when he found his mother seriously ill.

正:Hardly had John got home when he found his mother seriously ill.

说明:"hardly(or scarcely)...when..."和"hardly(or scarcely)...before"都作“刚……就……”解,主句通常用过去完成时,hardly放在句首,主谓语须倒装。

10.客人一到,人们就欢呼起来。

误:No Sooner the guests arrived than the people shouted for joy.

正:No sooner had the guests arrived than the people shouted for joy.

正:The guests had no sooner arrived than the people shouted for joy.

说明:"no sooner...than"作“刚(一)……就……”解,用法与"hardly...when..."大致相同,见例12说明。

11.如果你不努力学习,很快就要落后了。

误:If you don't study hard,as soon as you'll fall behind.

正:If you don't study hard,you'll soon fall behind.

说明:as soon as是从属连词,表示一件事发生之后,另一件事立即发生,不能作副词用来表示“不久”,“很快”,“马上”,又如:

The commander gave the order,as soon as the soldiers marched on.(误)

As soon as the commander gave the order,the soldiets marched on.(正)

12.他不象你那样聪明。

误:He is not so wise like you.

正:He is not so wise as you.

正:He is not as wise as you.

说明:表示同类比较时,用"as...as..."或"so...as...",否定用"not so...as..."或"not as...as...", 但不可说"as...like..."或"so...like"。"not so..."后面的as是连词,而like是介词。原句He is not as wise as you.=He is not as wise as you are,而不能说He is not so wise like you are.

13.因为家中贫困,他不能上学。

误:He could not go to school,because of his family was poor.

正:He could not go to school,because his family was poor.

说明:because和because of两者在意思上虽然相似,但because是连词,应引导一个从句;而because of是短语介词,只能接名词。

14.外语系学生不仅学英语,也学其它科目。

误:The students of foreign language department study English as well as some other subjects.

正:The students of foreign language department study some other subjects as well as English.

15.只要我有机会,我将继续干下去。

误:So long as I have another chance,I shall keep on doing.

正:If only I have another chance,I shall keep on doing.

说明:"as long as..."或"so long as..."意为“只要……”,相当于while,它所引导的从句中的谓语动词往往是联系动词或表示延续动作的动词,再如:

As long as you persevere,you will succeed.

As long as you are a student,you must follow your teacher.

如果从句表示比较短暂或瞬息即逝的动作,就不用as(so)long as,而要用if only。又如:

If only you go home you will understand everything.你回家就会明白一切。

16.即使你的学习取得了很大的进步,也不应自满。

误:Even you make great progress in your study,you should not be conceited.

正:Even if you make great progress in your study,you should not be conceited.

说明:even是副词,意为“甚至”,不是连词。连词“即使……也……”,应用"even if"或"even though"表示。例如下面一句中的even即是副词,意为“甚至”:In China today,even school children know this.在今天的中国,甚至小学生也知道这一点。

17.因为他未来,我们决定不去了。

误:For he didn't come,we decided not to go.

正:We decided not to go,for he didn't come.

正:Because he didn't come,we decided not to go:

说明:作“原因”解,for不能用于句首,because可用于句首,但多用于主句后。

说明:so that可以引导目的状语从句,意为“为了……”,“以便……”,也可以引导结果状语从句,意为“以致于”,“因此”。注意两者的区别:

①引导目的状语从句时,与主句关系紧密,其间不停顿;而引导结果状语从句,则可以在so that前用“,”分开,读时亦可停顿;

②so that引导的从句中如出现情态动词may,can,should等,通常表示目的;如不出现情态动词,通常表示结果;

③无论是表示目的还是结果,主句的动作通常发生在谓语动作之前。但从句如表示一种愿望,一种可能,通常为目的状语,如果从句表示的是一种事实(包括已经发生和将要发生的事实)则通常是结果状语。因此,表示目的时,从句多用虚拟语气,表示结果时,从句多用陈述语气,可用过去时、现在时和现在完成时等。

④根本的区分还是看上下文的意思,做出合乎逻辑的判断。看下面两句:

It was raining,so that we could not go out.当时天正下雨,因此我们不能出门。(从句中虽有情态动词,似乎是目的从句,但从逻辑上看,“下雨”的“目的”不是为了让“我们不能出门”,所以应理解为结果从句。)

We put the key here so that he will find it when he comes.我们把钥匙放在这儿,以便他回来时能看到。(句中虽无情态动词,似乎是结果从句,但这儿“放钥匙在这儿”的目的是明确的,应是目的从句。)

说明:"as well as"和"and...as well"都是连接两个并列的成份,但as well as的侧重点在前,"and...as well"的侧重点在后。注意这两句的译文。

正因为"as well as"的侧重点在前面,所以两个并列的成份作主语,谓语动词应与前面的主语保持人称和数的一致。例如:

You as well as I are(不是am)very diligent.你和我一样都很用功。

说明:"would rather...than..."和"...rather than..."都意为“宁可……”,“与其……宁可……”,表示主观上的一种选择。"would rather...than..."表示推测和设想,通常用的是虚拟语气,不是实指过去时,语气比较委婉;"...rather than..."是陈述语气,口气比较坚决。

说明:if既可引导条件从句,亦可引导让步从句。引导让步从句时,通常与even连用,表示与主句相对立的意义,而且由if引导的让步从句,主句多用否定式或含有否定意义的词语,多用虚拟语气。

说明:"only if"的意思重点在only,有“只有,唯有”的含义,表示必须具备的某种特定条件;"if only"重点在if,有“只要,如果一……”的意思,表示一种起码的条件。

说明:or,else,otherwise,or else等词或词组都是引导并列分句,前面的分句含有条件意义,后面的分句表示相反的结果,它们的意思是相同的:“如果不是这样……”,“否则……”,这些词可以互换使用,只是须注意:

①or是最常用的词;

②otherwise比较正式,语气也比较庄重;

③else多用于口头会话,单独用的情况较少,常和or一起用,语气较柔和。

说明:since作从属连词,既可表示时间,又可表示原因。

有几点值得注意:

①当主句用的是完成时,since引导的从句通常是表示时间,又如:

A good many things have happened since we left.自从我们走后,发生了许多新情况。

②如果主句不用完成时态,则表示原因的情况较多,又如:

Since you understand it already,I don't have to explain any more.既然你已经懂了,那我就不用再解释了。

说明:since和now that都可引导表示原因的状语从句,但两者之间有区别:

①now that主要用于说明一种新情况,从句与主句的因果关系很小;

②since连接的从句,因果关系比较明显。看下面的句子:

既然没有人读过这本书,我们就无法讨论了。

第一句用now that显然不妥,因为“没有人读过这本书”不是现在才发生的新情况,而是指“不能讨论”的原因,因此用since为宜。

说明:as与while都可以引导时间状语从句,从句的动作和主句的动作是同时发生的,因此两者都表示“一面……一面……”,“当……时候”,但两者也有差异:as所表示的“同时”的意义更突出,语意更强;whlie多指动作的过程,时间范围上较大。

说明:ae soon as和once都可以引起时间状语从句,表示主句动作紧接在从句之后,意为“刚……就……”,“—当……就……”。但两者还有些区别:assoon as强调时间的紧凑,once还有“条件”意味,有时在使用上有区别:

上面句中,不宜将两者互换。

of it.他虽然知道这个秘密,却不肯说出来。

说明:even if和even though在意义上与用法上完全相同,可以互换。但它们和though引导的让步从句在意思上有差别,注意上面两句的译文的意思,第一句有你对秘密可以知道,可能不知道,含有一定的猜测意味;第二句有他是肯定知道这秘密的意味。

说明:but,however,still,yet,nevertheless在表示语气转折时,都有“但是”,“然而”,“可是”等意思,它们之间在意思上没有明显的区别,只是语气转折的程度不同:however→but→yet→still→nevertheless这样逐步增强其转折意思的。

说明:as引导的从句,在表语提前时,既可以表示原因,又可以表示让步。要区别它们究竟是表示原因,还是表示让步,主要看句子的内容:让步从句的内容大都与主句在意思上相反,原因从句与主句有因果关系。因此第一句是让步从句,第二句是原因从句。

说明:for,as,since,because(连词)都有“因为”的意思,但它们是有区别的:

because表示“原因”,for表示“推断的理由”。

because表示“直接的理由”,for表示“推断的理由”。

because表示“原因”,for表示“附加的理由”。但是不能说:

It will rain,because the barometer is falling.(误)

(因为温度表的下降,不是下雨的原因)

It is morning,because the birds are singing.(误)

(因为鸟鸣不是造成清晨的原因。)

④because和since多用在正式的文体中,as多用在日常的谈话中。

⑤because比since稍不正式,表示直接的理由或原因。since表示事的关联上的自然结果。

⑥这四个词中,because的语意最强,for最弱,它们之间的语气程度如下:

because→since→as→for

32.当他到达车站时,火车已经开了。

误:While he got to the station,the train had left.

正:When he got to the station,the train had left.

正:The train had left before he got to the station.

说明:when是指“一段时间”,也可指“某一点时间”,而while只可说明“在……一段时间内”。又如:

当我们到达村子时,天气很好。

误:While we arrived at the village,the weather was fine.

正:When we arrived at the village,the weather was fine.

比较:While we were in the village,the weather was fine.

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连词的误用与连词(短语)用法的比较_从句论文
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