易爱姣 金敏 (岳阳市一人民医院超声科 湖南岳阳 414000)
摘要:永存左上腔静脉(Persistent left superior vena cave,PLSVC)是胎儿期体静脉异位引流最常见的类型。PLSVC常合并多种心内、外畸形。产前超声对于发现该畸形具有重要意义。本文就目前产前超声对于PLSVC的检测及临床意义进行一简要综述。
关键词:永存左上腔静脉;产前超声;胎儿畸形
ABSTRACT:Persistent Left Superior Vena Cava(PLSVC)is the most common congenital abnormally of the thoracic venous system .PLSVC is commonly associated with intra-cardiac and extra-cardiac anomalies .Prenatal ultrasound has an important role on the diagnosis of PLSVC .We therefore reviewed the diagnosis and clinical signification of prenatal ultrasound on PLSVC.
KEY WORDS:Persistent Left Superior Vena Cava;Prenatal ultrasound;Fetal anomaly
PLSVC是胎儿期体静脉异位引流最常见的类型,其在人群中的发病率约为0.3-0.5%,约占先心病的12%[1]。研究报道,PLSVC常合并其他多种心内、外畸形及染色体异常[2-3]。产前超声是目前诊断PLSVC及筛查胎儿器官发育畸形的重要手段。
目前关于PLSVC的分型,国内大多数学者认为分为3型。Ⅰ型为PLSVC经冠状静脉窦引流至右心房;Ⅱ型为当冠状静脉窦发育不良时,PLSVC直接或间接引流至左心房,造成右向左分流,具体有3种情况:1、PLSVC直接开口于左心房;2、PLSVC合并无顶冠状静脉窦型房缺,造成部分右向左分流;3、PLSVC汇入肺静脉,最终引流至左心房;III型是当冠状静脉窦闭锁时,冠状静脉窦内血液经PLSVC入左无名静脉至右上腔静脉,最终汇入右心房(罕见)[4-5]。国际上部分学者则认为分为2型。Ⅰ型(90%)、Ⅱ型(10%)与国内一致,暂未考虑III型的情况[6-7]。笔者认为更倾向于国际学者的分型,因为III型PLSVC的解剖及血流动力学与正常人一样,最终都是借左无名静脉汇入右上腔,而冠状静脉窦的闭锁可单独作为一种畸形来看待。在PLSVC中,右上腔静脉一般存在以下3种情况(图1)[6,8]。
图2[10]:PLSVC的胚胎发育解剖图(后面观)
注:A左、右前主静脉通过同侧总主静脉汇入心脏;B孕8周左右,左前主静脉闭塞退化,双侧头臂静脉形成连接;C左前主静脉没有退化,与右前主静脉形成双上腔静脉,双上腔静脉之间通过头臂静脉沟通;D右前主静脉退化,右侧头臂静脉向左汇入PLSVC。
LACV(left anterior cardinal vein左前主静脉)LCCV(left common cardinal vein左总主静脉)LPCV(left posterior cardinal vein左后主静脉)LSVC(left superior vena cava左上腔静脉)RACV(right anterior cardinal vein右前主静脉)RCCV(right common cardinal vein右总主静脉)RPVC(right posterior cardinal vein右后主静脉)RSVC(right superior vena cava右上腔静脉)CS(coronary sinus冠状静脉窦)
图片引自Ratliff HL,Yousufuddin M,Lieving WR,et al:Persistent left superior vena cava:Case reports and clinical implica-tions.Int J Cardiol 2006;10:242–246.
一、胎儿上腔静脉的胚胎学发育
人类心脏约从第22天左右开始跳动,最初胚胎头端的血液分别汇入同侧左、右前主静脉,然后左、右前主静脉分别汇入左、右总主静脉(图2 A)。胚胎第8周左右,左前主静脉近心端退化闭塞,远心端通过左侧头臂静脉汇入右前主静脉,而右前主静脉和与之相邻近的右总静脉近端共同形成右上腔静脉(图2 B)。如果左前主静脉没有退化,就形成PLSVC,与正常的右上腔静脉形成双上腔静脉(图2 C)。也有极少的胎儿,其右前主静脉逐渐退化,导致右上腔静脉的缺失,右上肢的静脉血通过右侧头臂静脉引流至PLSVC,最后汇入右心房,这种情况成为孤立性永存左上腔静脉[9-10](图2 D)。
二、胎儿上腔静脉的超声显影
产前超声心动图具有价廉、无创等诸多优点,其价值已经得到了临床的广泛认可。正常胎儿上腔静脉主要通过以下几个切面来观察:胎儿胸腔的矢状切面可以显示上腔静脉的长轴,并能显示上、下腔静脉汇入右心房的“海鸥”结构[11];三血管-气管切面从左至右的血管为分别为肺动脉、主动脉、右上腔静脉,气管位于主、肺动脉之间,脊柱的左侧,肺动脉的左侧无额外的血管[12],若肺动脉的左侧出现管状无回声区,降低胎儿心脏模式的彩色血流多普勒(Color Doppler Flow Imaging CDFI)的流速标尺和/或结合能量多普勒(Power Doppler PD),判断管状无回声区是否为血管,若为血管,则进一步结合频谱多普勒(Spectral Doppler)判断血管的动、静脉性质,若该管状无回声区的频谱为类似右上腔静脉或肺静脉的低速静脉频谱,则常见的畸形要考虑PLSVC、肺静脉异位引流的心上型等。
产前超声心动图诊断Ⅰ型PLSVC主要通过以下几点:四腔心切面观察到左心房后方扩张的冠状静脉窦呈圆形,这是冠状静脉窦的短轴切面;在上述切面的基础上,将探头稍向胎儿的脊柱方向倾斜,在此过程中,可以观察到扩张的冠状静脉窦由短轴切面逐渐转换为长轴切面,并可见扩张的冠装静脉窦汇入右心房(以上均为间接征象);在四腔心切面的基础上将探头向胎儿头侧倾斜可见三血管-气管切面,可观察到从右至左的血管为分别为正常或内径较同孕周偏小的右上腔静脉、主动脉、肺动脉,肺动脉的左侧另可见一类似右上腔静脉频谱的血管,以该血管为中心追踪其长轴切面,可见该血管远心端与左颈内静脉连续,近心端汇入扩张的冠状静脉窦(直接征象)[13]。Ⅱ型PLSVC:PLSVC可直接引流至左心房,超声表现为三血管-气管切面肺动脉左侧可见类似右上腔静脉频谱的血管,沿该血供的长轴追踪其走形,远心端与左颈内静脉相连续,近心端直接汇入左心房。PLSVC也可以引流入冠状静脉窦并通过无顶冠状静脉窦型房缺最终部分引流左心房,但这种情况目前在胎儿期尚未发现此类诊断的病例,在成人有报道此类病例,且经手术治疗后,预后大都良好[14]。其原因可能因为此型冠状静脉窦发育不良,及无顶冠状静脉窦型房缺减轻了冠状静脉窦的容量负荷,导致冠状静脉窦未见明显扩张,容易漏诊。PLSVC亦可汇入肺静脉,从而造成右向左分流[15]。超声表现为左心房增大,一支肺静脉内径明显增粗,三血管-气管切面可见肺动脉左侧出现静脉频谱的血管,沿该血供的长轴追踪,发现其远心端与左颈内静脉相连续,近心端汇入粗大的肺静脉。此外,值得注意的是,大多数胎儿为双上腔静脉型,三血管-气管切面或胎儿上、下腔静脉汇入右心房的的矢状切面均可显示右上腔静脉的存在或稍变细,但对于右上腔静脉缺如的PLSVC胎儿,三血管-气管切面及胎儿上、下腔静脉汇入右心房的矢状切面均显示右上腔静脉的缺失[16]。近年来也不断有学者尝试将时间-空间关联成像(Spatio-temporal Image Correlation STIC)、4维超声成像(Four-dimensional Ultrasound Imagery 4D)等新技术应用至上腔静脉的显影及PLSVC的诊断,并都取得了肯定的效果[17-18]。
三、胎儿左上腔静脉与伴随畸形及其临床意义
研究报道,50-70%的PLSVC患者合并内脏异位综合征,且比起西方人,这种情况在亚洲人中更普遍[19-21]。内脏异位综合征通常分为无脾综合征(右侧异构畸形)和多脾综合征(左侧异构畸形)。几乎所有的右侧异构畸形和部分左侧异构畸形合并复杂的先天心脏畸形[22]。右侧异构畸形常合并的心脏畸形包括肺静脉异位引流、非均衡性心内膜垫缺损、大动脉连接异常,约60%的病例合并PLSVC,且直接引流入左心房。左侧异构畸形多合并心律失常、下腔静脉离断等,约50-60%的病例合并PLSVC[23]。大多数右侧异构和部分左侧异构患儿通常难以达到矫正解剖手术,只能采取姑息治疗和功能矫正手术,如Glenn或Fontan类手术治疗,5年生存率仅30-74%。部分左侧异构患儿可行双心室修复矫正手术,预后相对较好[24]。
Sarah Gustapane[25]在2017年发表了一篇关于PLSVC常合并的畸形及其预后的meta分析,表明:1、在501例PLSVC的胎儿中,约56.6%(266/468)、37.8%(155/405)分别合并有心、外内畸形;2、约12.5%(43/353)的胎儿合并染色体异常,在除外合并心内畸形的PLSVC胎儿中,约有11.1%(16/146)的胎儿合并染色体异常,在单纯的PLSVC的胎儿中,约有7.0%(5/89)合并染色体异常。
产前诊断主动脉缩窄畸形相对困难,通常在产前超声发现四腔心及大血管间比例明显失常或者直到晚孕期发现主动脉明显变细时才会怀疑主动脉缩窄[26]。研究报道,约15%的PLSVC病例合并主动脉缩窄畸形。因此,当发现PLSVC胎儿时一定要警惕是否合并主动脉缩窄畸形[25,27-29]。此外,PLSVC还常合并肺动脉闭锁、房室间隔缺损等其他心内畸形[30]。除了内脏异位综合征合并PLSVC引起的心外畸形以外,PLSVC常合并单脐动脉、重复肾、多指畸形及并指畸形等心外畸形[31]。因此,在产前超声检查中,PLSVC不应该仅仅被当做为简单的解剖学异常,而应当作为胎儿发育异常的一个重要标志,一旦发现PLSVC的存在,要高度警惕是否合并其他畸形的存在[32]。
18-三体综合征和21-三体综合征是PLSVC中最常见的合并染色体异常[33]。对于PLSVC合并心内和/或心外畸形的胎儿,或者是早孕期的筛查项目提示染色体异常为高风险时,产前有创操作检测获取染色体核型分析是必要的。对于不伴有其他畸形的单纯的PLSVC,则可以根据患儿的家族史及孕妇的个人情况考虑是否需要进行产前有创操作检测[25]。
此外,准确的诊断PLSVC对于需要手术矫正心脏畸形或需要心导管诊断或治疗的患者具有重要意义。如:1、在建立体外循环时,应将PLSVC予以结扎或其他处理;2、在进行心导管插管时,导管不易经过左上肢静脉、左无名静脉从而进入上腔静脉,给心导管操作增加了困难;3、PLSVC的存在给心外手术侧切口时增加了难度;4、PLSVC合并右上腔静脉缺失时,术中应避免牵拉或损失PLSVC,以避免心律失常或传导阻滞[34-35]。
四、胎儿左上腔静脉的预后
单纯的Ⅰ型PLSVC不合并其他畸形时,预后大都良好,不需要特殊的临床干预[30]。单纯的Ⅱ型PLSVC必须进行外科手术治疗,预后良好。PLSVC合并其他心、外畸形时,其预后主要取决于其他畸形的复杂性及严重性[36]。
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论文作者:易爱姣 金敏
论文发表刊物:《航空军医》2018年5期
论文发表时间:2018/6/1
标签:静脉论文; 冠状论文; 畸形论文; 胎儿论文; 超声论文; 切面论文; 产前论文; 《航空军医》2018年5期论文;