嗜酸细胞性食管炎诊断及治疗进展论文_郝瑞1,芦永福2通讯作者

嗜酸细胞性食管炎诊断及治疗进展论文_郝瑞1,芦永福2通讯作者

(1青海大学研究生院;2青海大学附属医院;青海 西宁810000)

【摘要】 嗜酸细胞性食管炎(EoE)是一种慢性,免疫/抗原介导的食管疾病,其特征在于临床上与食管功能障碍有关的症状和组织学上由嗜酸性粒细胞为主的炎症。临床症状因年龄而异,在成人中,主要表现为吞咽困难,胃灼热,胸痛和食物冲击;儿科患者中,症状呈非特异性,如腹痛,恶心,呕吐,喂食拒绝,没有茁壮成长等。该病的诊断需结合临床、内镜、病理组织学等综合进行。其治疗方法目前主要包括:饮食、药物、内镜下扩张三个方面,治疗目的以缓解症状、预防并发症、改善生活质量为主。

【关健词】 嗜酸细胞性食管炎;诊断;治疗

Progress in the diagnosis and treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis LU Yong-Fu,HAO Rui. The Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University,Qinghai Xining 810000,China.

【Abstract】Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic, immune/antigen-mediated esophageal disease characterized by clinically associated symptoms associated with esophageal dysfunction and histologically eosinophil-based inflammation. Clinical symptoms vary with age. In adults, the main manifestations are dysphagia, heartburn, chest pain and food shock. In pediatric patients, the symptoms are non-specific, such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, feeding rejection, and no growth. The diagnosis of the disease needs to be combined with clinical, endoscopic and pathological histology. At present, the treatment methods mainly include: diet, medicine, and endoscopic expansion. The purpose of treatment is to relieve symptoms, prevent complications, and improve quality of life.

【Key words】Eosinophilic esophagitis; diagnosis; treatment

[ 中图分类号 ]R2[ 文献标号 ]A[ 文章编号 ]2095-7165(2018)16-0232-07

嗜酸细胞性食管炎(EoE)是一种慢性,免疫/抗原介导的食管疾病,其特征在于临床上与食管功能障碍有关的症状和组织学上由嗜酸性粒细胞为主的炎症[1]。EoE的患病率在增加[2]。在西方国家,最近的一项荟萃 分析估计了EoE的汇总发病率每10万居民年约7例,而每10万居民的患病率为13至56例[3]。最近的报告显示世界其他地区出现了新发病例[4-8]。本文综述了嗜酸细胞性食管炎近年来的诊疗进展。

一、病因与发病机制

EoE被认为是针对食物和/或环境过敏原的Th2细胞介导的免疫应答(涉及白细胞介素[IL]-4,IL-5和IL-13)。 IL-5促进骨髓中嗜酸性粒细胞的选择性扩增并释放到循环血液,而IL-13刺激食道上皮产生嗜酸性粒细胞趋化因子3 - 一种强效的趋化因子,将嗜酸性粒细胞募集到食道[9,10]。活化的嗜酸性粒细胞释放多种促进局部炎症的因子导致组织损伤,包括蛋白酶、细胞质颗粒和转化生长因子β。上述促炎因子是组织重塑的关键介质,包括上皮下纤维化和上皮增生,也可引起平滑肌功能障碍。除嗜酸性粒细胞外,还涉及其他炎症细胞,包括T细胞,肥大细胞,嗜碱性粒细胞和自然杀伤细胞[9,10-13]。

二、临床表现

EoE的症状可能类似于其他上消化道疾病,临床上表现为反胃、胸骨后或上腹部疼痛[14,15,16],可能被误诊为胃食管反流病。临床症状因患者年龄而异[17,18]。在成人中,症状包括吞咽困难,胃灼热,胸痛和食物冲击。在儿科患者中,症状往往是非特异性的,包括腹痛,恶心,呕吐,喂食拒绝,没有茁壮成长[19]。未经治疗或诊断不良的EoE患者会遭受长期炎症的长期影响,如狭窄和广泛的食管结构重塑 [ 20,21]。

三、诊断

由于近几年EOE发病率的提高,相关个案不断提出,对其研究逐渐深入,对该病的诊断经历了一个由浅入深的过程。2007年首次提出了EoE诊断和管理的共识建议[22]。这些指南主张对患者进行三次EoE诊断。诊断标准:(1)食管症状; (2)食管嗜酸性粒细胞增多(每个高倍视野> 15个嗜酸性粒细胞(eos / HPF));(3)对质子泵抑制剂(PPI)治疗或食管pH监测的正常酸暴露缺乏反应。2011年更新的共识建议包括描述一种新的疾病表型,即所谓的PPI反应性食管嗜酸性粒细胞增多症(PPI-REE),指的是具有EoE特征且在PPI治疗中达到临床和组织学缓解的患者[22,23]。后来人们发现EOE和PPI-REE无论在临床症状、内镜下表现、组织学特征以及对治疗的反应都高度一致,考虑这两种疾病可能为同一病种的不同表型。2017年欧洲胃肠病学联合会提出了最新的EOE诊断指南:(1)症状 在年龄较大的儿童和成年人中,固体食物吞咽困难,食物嵌塞和非吞咽相关的胸痛是最常见的症状。在年幼的儿童和婴儿中,最常见症状是反流样症状,呕吐,腹痛,食物拒绝和茁壮成长。(2)诊断和监测EoE的活检方案 应从不同地点至少进行6次活检,重点是内镜下粘膜异常的区域。建议至少应从食道中的至少两个不同位置获得至少6个活组织检查,通常在远端和食管近端半部,诊断敏感性随着活组织检查的数量而增加。食管活检应针对内镜异常区域,主要是白色渗出物和纵向沟,这些都与较高的嗜酸性粒细胞峰值有关。建议在初步诊断时获取十二指肠和胃粘膜活检组织,以排除嗜酸性粒细胞性胃肠炎。(3)嗜酸性粒细胞粘膜密度阈值 用于诊断EoE的嗜酸性粒细胞密度的可接受阈值是食道粘膜中15eos / hpf(标准大小≤0.3mm2),作为所检查样本中的峰值浓度。设定eos / hpf阈值以增加EoE诊断的一致性,是因为它能够可靠地区分EoE和GERD。 GERD与低嗜酸性粒细胞计数有关,通常<5 eos / hpf,但重要的是要再次强调GERD和EoE不是相互排斥的疾病,并且可能共存。对于EoE的诊断,灵敏度为100%,特异性为96%,切点为15 eos / hpf。(4)其他组织学标志物 除了峰值嗜酸性粒细胞计数外,其他组织学特征可能包括嗜酸性粒细胞微血管,基底区增生,扩张的细胞间隙,嗜酸性粒细胞表面分层,乳头状伸长和固有层纤维化。目前,EoE的组织学诊断依赖于在上皮层内评估的峰值计数~15 eos / hpf。然而,可以在HE染色的载玻片中评估的其他组织学特征包括嗜酸性粒细胞脓肿,基底区增生,扩张的细胞间隙,嗜酸性粒细胞表面分层和鳞状上皮的乳头状伸长。这些组织学异常并非特异于EoE,可能在其他食管疾病中也有发现,但在EoE患者中往往更严重。(5)内镜检查 单独的内窥镜检查结果无法可靠地确定EoE的诊断,他们评估疾病活动的价值需要进一步评估[24]。

嗜酸细胞性食管炎是一个独立的病种,诊断时需结合临床症状、内镜下表现、组织学证据等综合做出判断,排除可以引起相似症状的其他病种,为合理地治疗提供理论依据。

四、治疗

EOE目前尚无统一的治疗方案,经临床验证较为有效的治疗方法主要包括:饮食、药物、内镜下扩张三个方面,治疗目的以缓解症状、预防并发症、改善生活质量为主。

1. 饮食治疗:EoE中的炎症由各种食物引发,并且可能由环境过敏原引发。通过食物消除诱导疾病缓解,随后通过某些食物重新引入疾病复发,反复显示食物触发的证据[25]。然而,这种免疫反应的性质并不是那么清楚。它被认为是免疫球蛋白E(IgE)介导的和非IgE(Th2)介导的超敏反应的混合物。[26],尽管IgE介导机制的证据越来越明显[27]。

饮食治疗包括三种类型。

(1)元素饮食:

元素饮食是一种严格的饮食治疗,包括专门为患者喂食基于氨基酸的配方,以便完全消除膳食抗原。它已被证明在改善临床症状和减少食管嗜酸性粒细胞增多方面非常有效[28]。达到缓解后,食物被重新引入患者的饮食中。虽然这种饮食治疗已经显示出积极的结果,但由于它限制了生活质量,并且当试图将食物引回饮食以试图识别触发因素时需要几次重复内窥镜检查。通常需要消耗大量基于氨基酸的配方以满足热量需求,这需要在一些患者中进行管饲[29]。上述几点限制了其在生活中的应用。

(2)测试指导消除饮食:

利用皮肤点刺和特应性斑贴测试来识别特定的EoE食物触发因素,然后从患者的饮食中去除[30]。皮肤点刺试验通常用于检测免疫球蛋白E(IgE)介导的过敏反应,并且斑贴试验通常反映T细胞延迟的免疫反应。这种饮食可以提供更大的灵活性,因为只有特定的检测阳性的食物才能从患者的饮食中去除,其他食物可以保留在饮食中[29]。然而,这种饮食的功效非常适中,因为它在最近的荟萃分析中导致组织学缓解率<50%[31]。

(3)经验消除饮食:

可以消除患者饮食中已知常见过敏原的食物形式。如果达到缓解,则通过内窥镜检查和食管活组织检查,一次一个地将食物重新引入患者的饮食中,评估临床症状和食管组织学。从历史上看,这种饮食开始于消除患者饮食中的六个食物群(牛奶,小麦,鸡蛋,大豆,花生/坚果和鱼类/贝类)[32,33],然后减少到消除四种最常见的食物(牛奶,小麦,鸡蛋和大豆)[34,35],然后最近甚至最常见的两种(牛奶和小麦)[36]。据报道,6种食物和4种食物消除饮食的儿童组织学缓解率分别为74%和64%,成人分别为73%和54%[32-35] .2种食物的组织学缓解率据报道,儿童和成人的消除饮食率为43%[36]。然而,这些饮食虽然比元素饮食限制更少[29],但仍然对某些患者很不利,因为需要在缓解后进行多次内窥镜检查以确定食物诱因。

2. 药物治疗:

(1)糖皮质激素:外用皮质类固醇,如吞咽丙酸氟替卡松(FP)和口服粘性布地奈德(OVB)被认为是安全治疗EoE的替代方案。艾伯特等人,回顾性比较了75名患者(年龄2 - 64岁,平均33岁)中FP和OVB的疗效,结果显示总有效率为51 %,对FP ( 48 % )和OVB ( 56 % )的反应没有差异[37]。ES Dellon等,设计了一项多中心,随机,双盲,安慰剂对照,平行组试验,93名年龄在11至40岁之间患有吞咽困难和活动性食管嗜酸性粒细胞增多的EoE患者随机接受口服布地奈德混悬液(BOS)2 mg或安慰剂每日两次为期12周。结果发现与安慰剂相比,12周的BOS治疗显着改善了有活动性EoE的青少年和成人的食管嗜酸性粒细胞增多和吞咽困难的症状。没有意外的安全信号,并且对药物的依从性很高,表明该配方可以可靠地使用[94]。BOS是用于治疗EoE的有前途的制剂[38]。然而EoE是一种慢性疾病,外用皮质类固醇需长期使用,是否具有潜在的副作用需引起我们的警惕,如最常见的感染和肾上腺抑制(AS)。在Jacqueline Fable等人的回顾性研究中发现,儿童患者中有2名FP患者出现鹅口疮,1名出现念珠菌性食管炎,而OVB只有一名患者出现鹅口疮[39]。有研究表明,用OVB或FP吞服口服局部类固醇治疗并未抑制儿童肾上腺功能[40]。然而Alexandra Ahmet等人最近的研究中却得出相反的结论,他们发现在吞咽局部糖皮质激素治疗EoE后,患儿存在长期AS的显着风险。研究中几乎三分之二的儿童在治疗后2周内接受AS治疗,中位持续时间为42周;该研究证明这种潜在的副作用不仅是治疗时的一个问题,而且在停止吞咽糖皮质激素治疗后仍然存在。AS的症状通常是非特异性的,并且可能无法识别,直到肾脏危机由生理压力(例如疾病,手术,损伤或麻醉)引起[41]。肾上腺危象表现为低血压,低血糖,休克,意识下降,癫痫发作甚至死亡[42]。预防肾上腺危象需要在生理应激期间识别AS和给予GC [41]。至于成人患者感染和肾上腺抑制的副作用鲜见报道。故儿童使用局部皮质类固醇治疗EOE时需警惕局部真菌感染及AS的发生。

(2)质子泵抑制剂(PPI):Eotaxin-3是一种有效的嗜酸性粒细胞趋化因子,在EoE中将嗜酸性粒细胞运送到食道中起着关键作用。嗜酸性粒细胞趋化因子-3的表达受到Th2细胞因子的刺激,例如IL-4,IL-5和IL-13(通常在过敏性疾病中过量产生)。它的作用是由信号转导和转录激活因子(STAT)6信号通路介导的[43]。2013年,一项实验研究首次证明奥美拉唑阻断了GERD和EoE食管鳞状细胞培养物中Th2细胞因子刺激的eotaxin-3表达 [44]。相当数量的儿童和成人研究一致表明,33-68%患有EoE的患者在PPI治疗中获得临床和组织学缓解[45-51]。最近的数据显示,对饮食和局部类固醇治疗有反应的EoE患者发现对PPI治疗有反应,以及相反的情况(对PPI治疗的反应也在饮食或局部类固醇治疗中达到完全缓解)[50,51]。由于PPI给药方便,安全性好,可以作为EOE患者的一线治疗。但部分患者可能更喜欢饮食而不是药物干预,需视具体情况而定。

(3)生物治疗:生物疗法是EoE患者的潜在替代疗法,对患者的生活方式影响较小。这些生物治疗的目的是专门针对EoE患者食管中炎症级联的各个部分。食道中存在嗜酸性粒细胞增多是EoE的一个明显特征,因为通常食道缺乏嗜酸性粒细胞。多种免疫细胞也渗入EoE患者的食道,包括淋巴细胞,肥大细胞和嗜碱性粒细胞,其中一些已被证实可被激活[52]。与Th2表型一致的细胞因子谱表明EoE的过敏性病因[53,54],包括白细胞介素(IL)-4,IL-5和IL-13。已知IL-4诱导幼稚T细胞进入Th2细胞并激活B细胞类转换产生IgE,从而启动Th2介导的免疫反应.IL-5由Th2细胞,肥大细胞和嗜酸性粒细胞产生。而IL-5是诱导嗜酸性粒细胞产生的细胞因子,在EoE中诱导嗜酸性粒细胞运输到食道[55],IL-13,由EoE中的Th2细胞和活化的嗜酸性粒细胞产生[53],被证明可诱导食管上皮细胞分泌嗜酸性粒细胞趋化因子-3,从而驱动嗜酸性粒细胞趋化性和活性。[54,56]。IL-5缺陷的小鼠对EoE具有抗性,这表明这种细胞因子在EoE的发展中起着相关的作用[55]。在EoE患者的食管中发现IL-5水平增加,无论是通过实时聚合酶链反应在信使核糖核酸水平上测定还是在蛋白质水平上使用免疫组织化学染色测定[53,57]。有学者针对EOE的靶向IL-5的抗体:美泊利珠单抗(mepolizumab)和雷利珠单抗(reslizumab)进行了相关的实验研究。

美泊利珠单抗(mepolizumab)是一种完全人源化的抗IL-5单克隆抗体,已被证明在患有各种嗜酸性粒细胞疾病的患者中具有临床益处[58-60]。在开放标签I / II期安全性和有效性研究[61]中,给予4名成年EoE患者的剂量为10 mg / kg(最大750 mg)的mepolizumab,年龄18-41岁。这些患者患有长期吞咽困难,并且食管嗜酸性粒细胞计数高于24来自远端或近端食管粘膜的嗜酸性粒细胞/ HPF。所有受试者的临床结果均有所改善,四名患者中的三名在内镜检查结果方面有所改善。四名患者的生活质量也得到改善,身体功能,社会功能和自尊心得到最大改善。组织学上,所有患者的平均食管嗜酸性粒细胞下降,虽然峰值食管嗜酸性粒细胞计数仍接近阈值用于诊断的EoE(?22eosinophils / HPF)。随后为评估药物诱导组织学改变的疗效,在成人EoE患者中进行了一项随机,双盲,安慰剂对照试验[62]。11名患有活动性EoE的成年人(每周吞咽困难至少一次,食管嗜酸性粒细胞峰值>近端或远端食管活组织检查中的食管嗜酸性粒细胞> 20 / HPF)参与了这项研究。所有患者均有皮质类固醇反应不足或临床症状复发且EoE治疗失常的病史。患者接受静脉输注750mg mepolizumabor安慰剂两次,间隔1周。任何其他抗嗜酸性粒细胞治疗均已停止。在组织学上,虽然没有患者达到<5嗜酸性粒细胞/ HPF的主要终点,但食管嗜酸性粒细胞计数减少,mepolizumab平均食管嗜酸性粒细胞减少54%,而安慰剂组为5%,而高剂量则没有进一步减少。与之前提到的研究相比,症状有所改善。在内镜下,基线异常特征的3/5患者显示出改善。mepolizumab治疗后食管上皮细胞的Eotaxin-3表达没有下降,但食管重塑(上皮转化生长因子-β和肌腱蛋白C)的标志物随药物治疗而下降。总之,虽然此研究未达到EoE缓解,但在没有任何其他并发治疗的情况下,食管嗜酸性粒细胞增多和相关症状明显减少。mepolizumab在儿科患者研究中得出了相似的组织学结果,临床症状同成人均没有显著影响[63]。

雷利珠单抗(reslizumab)是IL-5的人源化单克隆中和抗体。 Reslizumab阻止IL-5与IL-5受体α结合,IL-5受体α由嗜酸性粒细胞表达。对226名儿科EoE患者进行了一项双盲,随机,安慰剂对照研究(食管嗜酸性粒细胞计数≥24嗜酸性粒细胞,来自近端和远端食管≥1HPF,并伴有至少一种中度严重程度或更严重的活动性胃肠道症状,患者随机静脉输注1,2或3 mg / kg reslizumab或安慰剂1:1:1:1的比例。结果较安慰剂,reslizumab显着降低了儿科EoE患者食管嗜酸性粒细胞计数,但症状的改善与安慰剂没有区别[64]。

mepolizumab和reslizumab在降低成人和儿童食管组织和血嗜酸性粒细胞计数方面似乎有希望。然而,还没有一项研究表明临床症状会显著减少。这可能是由于治疗的剂量或频率,或患者选择标准。此外,在所有研究中症状评估都很困难,因为儿童出现症状不是简单的吞咽困难,并且对于所有年龄段,尚未存在有效的症状评分工具,使得对治疗的临床反应性的准确评估非常困难。因此,当有效的临床仪器可用时,重新检查一些抗IL-5疗法可能是值得的[65]。

(4)长效β-激动剂:以沙美特罗为主要代表。食物抗原是儿童嗜酸性食管炎( EoE )常见的炎症触发因素。TNF相关凋亡诱导配体( TRAIL )通过上调E3泛素连接酶中线( MID ) - 1和随后下调蛋白磷酸酶2A ( PP2A ) 促进嗜酸性粒细胞引起的炎症,但是这种途径在EoE中的作用还没有被研究。TNF相关的细胞凋亡诱导配体(TRAIL)与嗜酸性粒细胞疾病[66]和体内炎症性病理机制有关[67,68,69,70]。有学者对具有实验性EoE的野生型小鼠施用沙美特罗,恢复了PP2A活性,还防止了食管嗜酸性粒细胞增多、炎性细胞因子表达,以及重塑,这相当于地塞米松的治疗效果[71]。表明如果在食道中通过口服途径达到足够的药物水平而没有不可接受的副作用,沙美特罗可能在EoE中具有治疗价值。但因为缺乏临床试验证据,目前无法验证沙美特罗可以安全有效地使用,需要更多的多中心临床研究。

3. 内镜下扩张治疗:成人研究表明慢性食管炎症可增加发生纤维化,食管狭窄和长段狭窄的风险[72,73]。当确实发生纤维狭窄并发症时,食管扩张可以缓解部分梗阻[74,75]。最近对更多患有EoE的成人患者进行的研究显示,严重并发症(包括穿孔、需要输血或因任何原因住院)的风险较低[ 75,76 - 84]。Calies Menard-Katcher等提出了EoE儿童和青少年食管扩张的最大记录临床经验。结果显示,与进行食管扩张的非EoE对照相比,不良事件不常见且发生频率相似,得出结论,食管扩张可以安全地在患有EoE相关狭窄的儿童中进行[85]。与许多成人研究一致,这些研究确定需要重复扩张才能取得症状性成功[86]。

故一旦出现吞咽困难和管腔狭窄,内镜下扩张治疗可作为重要治疗辅助手段。一旦执行,可能需要重复进行扩张以实现治疗成功。

4.妊娠期治疗:EoE的常规药物治疗是外用皮质类固醇和PPIs。在怀孕期间,皮质类固醇被归类为C类,肾上腺功能不全和胎膜早破的风险较小但可能增加[87],但在医学指征时,它们也用于妊娠晚期以促进胎儿肺成熟。根据疾病严重程度的需要,皮质类固醇是目前用于治疗孕妇IBD的药物之一[88]。通过扩展,布地奈德在怀孕的EoE患者中可能相对安全,特别是因为剂量往往低于IBD,尽管需要专门用于EoE和妊娠的数据来检验这一假设。最近的一项荟萃分析包括134,940例怀孕和一项包括114,960名婴儿的队列研究发现,孕妇在怀孕期间使用PPIs与不良怀孕结果之间没有关联,包括先天性畸形、自然流产、早产和低出生体重。包括840,968名活产婴儿在内的另一项大型队列研究也发现PPI在怀孕前四周的使用与出生缺陷之间没有关联,但确实发现PPI在怀孕前四周的使用与重大出生缺陷的风险增加相关(从2.6 %增加到3.9 %,调整流行率或1.39;95 %置信区间1.10–1.76 ) [ 89 ]。根据这些数据,PPIs在怀孕期间可能是安全的,但是应该在怀孕前一个月对PPI使用相关的出生缺陷风险略有增加进行评估。在母乳喂养方面,已知PPI在母乳中排泄,由于缺乏数据,不推荐在母乳喂养期间使用,尽管没有研究表明有不良影响[87]。一项针对孕妇和哺乳期妇女预防儿童特应性疾病的抗原回避的系统综述发现,限制性饮食与略微的妊娠体重增加相关,早产风险并不显著较高,出生体重也不显著较低[90]。最近的研究表明避免EoE六种食物消除饮食中的许多食物和随后的童年特应性之间可能存在关联。母亲食用花生、牛奶和小麦降低了儿童过敏和哮喘的几率[91]。在怀孕的患者中,EGD(食管胃十二指肠镜检查)被认为是对母亲和胎儿来说相对安全,并发症发生率低[92]。一般来说,如果可能的话,建议将内窥镜推迟到妊娠中期,并在手术过程中咨询产科医生[87,93]。

由于大约三分之二的EoE患者是男性[94],女性患者尤其是妊娠期的病例临床少见,妊娠期EOE治疗资料缺乏,因此需要更多的研究改进治疗策略,并在EoE中更好地为女性提供生育,妊娠和母乳喂养方面的建议。

五、小结与展望

EOE的发病率明显增高,但国内新发病例较前没有显著增多,对其的研究较少,获取的数据大多来自国外,后续需做更多的研究填补这方面的空缺;上述诸多治疗方案中部分结果缺少更多的实验证据支持,有存在偏差可能,而且少部分治疗方法因技术手段、症状评分、生活质量等诸多因素的影响限制了临床上的广泛应用。但可以看到近几年对于EOE的认识已经跨越了一大步,相信随着医学的发展,技术手段的提高和临床经验的积累,对其病因、发病机制会有更加深刻的理解,诊治水平会迈向新的台阶。

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论文作者:郝瑞1,芦永福2通讯作者

论文发表刊物:《医师在线》2018年第16期

论文发表时间:2018/11/19

标签:;  ;  ;  ;  ;  ;  ;  ;  

嗜酸细胞性食管炎诊断及治疗进展论文_郝瑞1,芦永福2通讯作者
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