(宁夏医科大学总医院心脑血管病医院心内科 宁夏 银川 750001)
【摘要】目的:分析急性主动脉夹层误诊为急性冠脉综合征患者的临床特点,相关辅助检查,提高认识,减少误诊。方法:分析宁医大附属心脑血管病医院2014年12月-2018年12月共11例首诊为急性冠脉综合征的Standford A型主动脉夹层患者的病历资料。结果:患者平均年龄54岁,其中男性9例,女性2例。7例患者既往有吸烟史,合并高血压患者9例,1例同时合并2型糖尿病,1例患者病史不详。9例患者以胸痛为首发症状,2例患者以背痛为首发症状,进展症状包括咯血、腹痛、偏瘫及其他神经系统症状。11例患者中9例患者初诊为急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死,包括6例急性下壁心肌梗死,1例同时合并右室、正后壁心梗;急性前壁心肌梗死1例;“6+2”现象1例,非ST段抬高型心肌梗死1例;高危心绞痛1例。11例患者中10例行心脏彩超检查,2例合并主动脉瓣反流,2例同时合并胸腔积液,5例患者影像学检查提示纵膈增宽(包括X线,胸部CT,胸部CTA,冠脉造影透视),10例患者肌钙蛋白升高,11例患者D-二聚体全部升高。结论:对临床首诊为急性冠脉综合征患者,若不能轻易排除主动脉夹层,应需仔细询问胸痛特点,观察有无进展症状,分析心电图和相关辅助检查,强调床旁彩超对诊断A型主动脉夹层的重要性,减少误诊发生。
【关键词】急性主动脉夹层;急性冠脉综合征;心脑血管病
【中图分类号】R441 【文献标识码】A 【文章编号】2095-1752(2019)16-0020-03
Retrospective analysisof acute coronary syndrome misdiagnoseas acute aortic dissection
Hu Guangxin(Corresponding author), Zhao Tingting,Li Ben,Qi Xijuan,Xiu Lei
Cardio-cerebrovascular Hospital Affiliated to Ningxia Medical University,Yinchuan, Ningxia750001,China
【Abstract】Objective To analyze the clinical characteristics of patients with acute aortic dissection(AAD) misdiagnosed as acute coronary syndrome(ACS),and to improve the awareness of this disease and reduce misdiagnosis.Methods11 patients with Standford type A aortic dissection who were first diagnosed as acute coronary syndrome were selected in the Cardio-cerebrovascular Hospital affiliated to Ningxia Medical University from December 2014 to December 2018.ResultsThe average age of all patients was 54 years old,including 9 males and 2 females.There were 7 patients with smoking history,9 patients with hypertension,1 patient with type 2 diabetes,and 1 patient with unknown medical history.Chest pain was the first symptom in 9 patients,and back pain was the first symptom in 2 patients.Progressive symptoms included hemoptysis,abdominal pain,hemiplegia and other neurological symptoms.Among the 11 patients,9 patients were initially diagnosed as Acute st-segment elevation myocardial infarction(STEMI),including 6 patients with acute inferior wall myocardial infarction,and 1 patient with right ventricular and posterior wall myocardial infarction.Acute anterior wall myocardial infarction accured in 1 patient;There was 1 patientwith "6+2" phenomenon,1 patientwith non-st-segment elevation myocardial infarction(Non-STEMI) and 1 patient of high-risk angina pectoris.Among the 11 patients,10 patients had suffered echocardiography examination,2 patients accompanyed with aortic regurgitation,2 patients with pleural effusion,5 patients with mediastinal enlargement (including X-ray,chest CT,computed tomographic arteriography(CTA),or coronary angiography) indicated by imaging examination,Troponin was elevated in 10 patients and all the patient’s d-dimer increased significantly.Conclusion If the aortic dissection cannot be easily excluded in those patients with acute coronary syndrome who are first diagnosed clinically,the characteristics of chest pain should be carefully inquired,the symptoms should be observed and the electrocardiogram and other related auxiliary examinations should be analyzed,and the importance of bedside echocardiography indiagnosis of type A aortic dissection should be emphasized to reduce the incidence of misdiagnosis.
【Key words】Acute aortic dissection;Acute coronary syndrome; Cardio-cerebral vascular disease
急性主动脉夹层(Acute aortic dissection,AAD)是心血管内科急危重症,发病率约5-30/百万,病死率高,多数患者以胸痛起病,起病急,病情进展迅速,临床表现多样,首诊常常容易误诊[1]。尤其与急性冠脉综合征鉴别有一定难度。既往有研究显示急性主动脉夹层误诊为急性冠脉综合征,给予抗栓,甚至溶栓治疗可导致病死率增加[2],因此,二者鉴别十分重要。本文对11例急性主动脉夹层误诊为急性冠脉综合征的患者进行分析,总结经验教训,提高急性主动脉夹层患者的诊治水平。
1.资料与方法
分析宁医大附属心脑血管病医院2014年12月-2018年12月共11例首诊为急性冠脉综合征的Standford A型主动脉夹层的患者病历资料,一般资料见表1,辅助检查资料见表2。
所有患者中平均年龄54岁,其中男性9例,女性2例。7例患者既往有吸烟史,合并高血压患者9例,1例同时合并2型糖尿病,1例患者病史不详。9例患者以胸痛为首发症状,2例患者以背痛为首发症状,进展症状包括咯血、腹痛、偏瘫及其他神经系统症状。所有患者中1例可闻及主动脉瓣区舒张期杂音,1例患者有双上肢血压不对称。所有主动脉夹层患者确诊均通过大血管CT重建明确;或先行冠脉造影提示升主动脉造影剂滞留,后行主动脉CTA明确诊断。
11例患者中9患者初诊为急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死,包括6例急性下壁心肌梗死,1例同时合并右室、正后壁心梗,急性前壁心肌梗死1例,“6+2”现象1例,非ST段抬高型心肌梗死1例,高危心绞痛1例。11例患者中10例行心脏彩超检查,2例合并主动脉瓣反流,2例同时合并胸腔积液,5例患者影像学检查提示纵膈增宽(包括X线,胸部CT,胸部CTA,冠脉造影透视)。10例患者肌钙蛋白升高,11例患者D-二聚体全部升高。
5例患者急诊行冠脉造影时发现升主动脉内造影剂滞留或隐约可见内膜片堵塞冠脉口考虑主动脉夹层,后行主动脉CTA明确诊断。4例患者因住院出现咯血、腹痛、偏瘫及其他神经系统症状行主动脉CTA明确诊断。2例患者行床旁心脏彩超提示升主动脉假腔或主动脉动脉内膜漂浮物进而完善主动脉CTA确诊。2例患者由外院给予尿激酶150U溶栓后转我院,均死亡。5例患者转胸外科手术治疗。1例患者因高龄保守治疗。1例患者转外院治疗。
2.讨论
随着我国胸痛中心的不断普及,胸痛中心接诊胸痛患者越来越多,而主动脉夹层作为胸痛中心及心血管疾病的急危重症疾病之一,病死率极高,临床误诊率亦较高,未及时治疗的患者33% ~72%在 48 h 内死亡 。AAD在自然人群中的发病率约为每年 6/百万,男性多于女性[3-4]。高血压病控制不佳是该病的第一危险因素,其余危险因素包括,吸烟,动脉粥样硬化、动脉瘤、马凡综合征、 Loeys-Dietz综合征,Vascular Ehlers-Danlos综合征、主动脉瓣二叶瓣畸形、Turner综合征、梅毒性主动脉炎、巨细胞性动脉炎、大动脉炎、系统性红斑狼疮、严重主动脉外伤、妊娠末期、介入性操作损伤,吸毒[5]。
主动脉夹层产出症状主要由其疾病本身特点决定。当主动脉内膜撕裂,血液进入中模或中层滋养动脉破裂产生血肿导致压力过高进而致内膜撕裂,形成假腔,假腔压迫真腔,导致主动脉血管相关分支供血受阻,引起相应的器官缺血损伤,产生相应的临床症状[5]。夹层累及瓣膜时可导致关闭不全出现舒张期杂音;累及冠状动脉开口,可导致急性心肌梗死(右冠脉发生率多于左冠脉,与其解剖位置及血管应力有关);累及无名动脉、左颈总动脉时或左锁骨下动脉可表现为神经系统功能障碍;累及肠系膜动脉、肾动脉时可表现为腹痛,便血,尿血;累及髂外动脉、股动脉可出现肢体无力等[6]。本文11例患者均以胸痛或背痛起病,5例患者症状进展,出现腹痛、咯血、便血、偏瘫及其他神经系统症状。
由于主动脉夹层和急性冠脉综合征治疗存在矛盾,且盲目给予抗栓,尤其溶栓甚至可增加主动脉夹层病死率[2]。本次2例外院溶栓患者转我院行急诊冠脉造影诊断夹层后均死亡,故初诊鉴别两种疾病十分重要。结合既往文献资料及临床经验,总结其鉴别要到如下:(1)病史:夹层疼痛特点多为撕裂样剧烈疼痛,突发,开始发病时既达高峰。可伴有进展症状,如腹痛、腰痛、咯血、便血、血尿、偏瘫、麻木及其他神经系统障碍等应高度警惕。若产生压迫纵膈器官可伴随吞咽困难,上腔静脉压迫症状,声音嘶哑等;(2)查体:夹层患者多合并有严重高血压,少数患者可因假腔明显压迫真腔产生休克症状。累及主动脉瓣膜可出现主动脉瓣关不不全杂音,破入心包可出现心包填塞体征;累及四肢动脉可出现脉搏减弱,四肢血压不对称;累及肾动脉和腹主动脉可闻及杂音。累及无名动脉或左颈总动脉可合并有神经系统体征,如肌力减退,病理征阳性。(3)辅助检查:有研究显示主动脉夹层患者D-二聚体可明显升高,多大于0.5μg/ml[7-8]。心肌酶谱:心肌酶谱肌钙蛋白可升高,但不符合心梗后心肌酶学演变,无达峰曲线。心电图:有心肌缺血样改变,但缺乏心肌梗死后动态演变[9]。心脏彩超:对A型主动脉夹层具有重要意义,可出现升主动脉增宽,双腔征,撕裂的内膜片,假腔内血栓,假腔内无血流信号,新发主动脉瓣膜返流,心包积液等。纵膈增宽:夹层患者晚上X线,胸部CT,冠脉造影透视可见纵膈增宽。冠脉造影:ST段抬高型心肌梗死时冠脉造影正常时需警惕夹层。升主动脉造影剂滞留,造影剂回喷后隐约可见内膜片等情况均需怀疑主动脉夹层[9-10],最终确诊需完善主动脉血管造影或主动脉大血管CTA检查明确诊断[11]。
一项研究显示,在急性Standford A型夹层中6%-19%的患者累及冠脉[12-13],尸检检出率为7%[14]。主动脉夹层合并心肌梗死有两种情况:(1)主动脉夹层合并有自身冠脉病变导致的急性心肌梗死;(2)急性心肌梗死由主动脉夹层诱发,一般多见于DeBAKEY I或者Ⅱ型夹层(Standford Type A)主动脉夹层诱发心肌梗死的机制包括内膜撕裂累及冠状动脉开口;内膜压迫冠状动脉;撕裂的内膜漂浮物阻塞冠状动脉;夹层致冠脉痉挛[15]。因此,对于临床上高度可疑主动脉夹层的“心梗”患者,需要结合患者病史,查体及辅助检查结果,仔细甄别,减少漏诊、误诊。
3.结论
对临床首诊为急性冠脉综合征患者,若不能轻易排除主动脉夹层,需仔细询问胸痛特点,观察有无进展症状,分析心电图和相关辅助检查,强调床旁彩超对诊断A型主动脉夹层的重要性,减低误诊发生。
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论文作者:胡光欣(通讯作者) 赵停婷,李奔,齐喜娟,修磊
论文发表刊物:《医药前沿》2019年16期
论文发表时间:2019/7/22
标签:主动脉论文; 夹层论文; 患者论文; 心肌梗死论文; 造影论文; 综合征论文; 症状论文; 《医药前沿》2019年16期论文;