急性胰腺炎最新分类解读论文_赵强

急性胰腺炎最新分类解读论文_赵强

赵强

(重庆市北部新区第一人民医院放射科 重庆 401121)

【摘要】 按照最新修订版亚特兰大急性胰腺炎的分类标准,对急性胰腺炎的分类、严重程度分级、局部并发症、系统并发症等进行综述。

【关键词】 分类;坏死性胰腺炎;间质水肿性胰腺炎

【中图分类号】R657.5+1 【文献标识码】A 【文章编号】2095-1752(2016)14-0020-02

The latest classification of acute pancreatitis

Zhao Qiang. The First People's Hospital of Northern New District of Chongqing City, Chongqing 401121, China

【Abstract】 This paper according to the latest revision of acute pancreatitis in Atlanta classification standards, classification and grade of severity of acute pancreatitis, local complications, such as system complications were summarized.

【Key words】 Classification;Necrotizing pancreatitis;Interstitial edema pancreatitis

急性胰腺炎(AP)是常见的急腹症,1992年的亚特兰大分类标准方便了临床医生之间的相互交流,然而在过去的二十年,由于对AP认识的不断深入,1992年亚特兰大分类标准的不足便显现出来,有必要修订。现结合最新修订的亚特兰大分类标准对AP的严重程度分级等进行综述。

满足以下三项中两项即可诊断AP[1]:特征性的上腹疼痛,可向背部放射;血清脂肪酶或淀粉酶活性大于正常值上限3倍或以上;影像检查发现AP的特征性改变。AP分为急性间质水肿性和急性坏死性。急性坏死性AP病情较重,分三类:胰腺合并胰周坏死,最常见;单独胰周坏死;单独胰腺坏死,最少见。涉及胰腺坏死的病情通常比单独胰周坏死严重[2]。胰腺坏死的发生需要数天完成[3],发病3天内增强CT会低估胰腺坏死的程度,因此对胰腺坏死的评估,最好在发病3天后做增强CT。急性坏死性AP分感染性和无菌性,在发病第一周,很少发生感染性坏死[4-5]。目前没有证据表明胰腺坏死的程度和感染的发生率、症状持续时间有绝对的相关性[4-6]。胰腺感染性坏死会增加发病率和死亡率[7]。当增强CT显示胰腺或胰周有气泡,CT引导下经皮细针抽吸术经革兰氏染色培养细菌或真菌阳性,则可诊断为胰腺坏死感染[8]。

AP病程分为早期和晚期。早期通常持续一周,如炎症激活细胞因子级联反应,导致全身炎症反应综合征[9-10],也可能延长到第二周。如全身炎症反应综合征持续存在,则器官衰竭的风险增加。早期阶段严重程度主要决定于器官衰竭的发生和持续时间,晚期阶段严重程度的主要决定因素是器官衰竭和感染性坏死。与1992版将AP分为轻度与重度二分法不同,修订版亚特兰大分类[11]建议三分法:轻度、中重度、重度,轻度:无器官功能衰竭,无局部或全身并发症;中重度:暂时性器官功能衰竭(48小时内恢复)和/或局部或全身并发症;重度:持续性器官功能衰竭(>48小时)。通过肾、呼吸、心血管3个系统的改良Marshall评分,便于对疾病的严重程度进行客观的评估。三个系统中任一系统评分≥2分则认为器官衰竭[12]。持续性器官衰竭被认为是重度AP最可靠的指标[13]。中重度AP的死亡率远远低于重度AP[14],早期阶段的重度AP死亡率可以达到36%~50%。而在持续性器官衰竭患者中,如果合并感染性坏死者死亡率更高。有文献[15]提出四分法:轻度、中度、重度、危重度,即将感染性胰腺(周)坏死合并持续性器官衰竭单独定义为危重度。有文献[16]通过对比研究认为三分法与四分法在评价AP严重度方面有同样的效能。

对AP严重度分级具有重要的临床意义,然而现有分级均有不足,如标准中将持续性器官衰竭定义为同一器官衰竭时间大于48小时,这就意味着48小时内不能对重度或危重度AP作出诊断,至多诊断为中度AP,这会低估某些患者的病情,因此有文献[17]提出“潜在重症急性胰腺炎”的概念:48小时内至少一个器官衰竭或有器官衰竭高危因素,并可能需要转入ICU治疗的患者。随着对AP的深入认识,严重度分级将会不断完善,新的分类法将会朝着以下方向前进:更早期对患者病情作出评估;分类指标应与患者死亡率直接相关;分类更细化、详细,能体现每个患者的整个病情病程发展变化。

期刊文章分类查询,尽在期刊图书馆

【参考文献】

[1]Freeman ML,Banks PA.Practice guidelines in acute pancreatitis[J].Am J Gastroenterol,2006,101:2379-2400.

[2]Bakker OJ,Besselink MG,van Santvoort HC,et al.Extrapancreatic necrosis without pancreatic parenchymal necrosis:a separate entity in necrotizing pancreatitis[J].Gut, 2013,62(10):1475-1480.

[3]Bollen TL,Singh VK,Maurer R,et al.A comparative evaluation of radiologic and clinical scoring systems in the early prediction of severity of acute pancreatitis[J].Am J Gastroenterol,2012,107:612–619.

[4]Besselink MG,van Santvoort HC,Boermeester MA,et al.Timing and impact of infections in acute pancreatitis[J].Br J Surg,2009,96(3):267–273.

[5]van Santvoort HC, Besselink MG,Bakker OJ,et al.A step-up approach or open necrosectomy for necrotizing pancreatitis (PANTER trial) [J].N Engl J Med,2010, 362:1491–1502.

[6]van Santvoort HC,Bakker OJ,Bollen TL,et al.A conservative and minimally invasive approach to necrotizing pancreatitis improves outcome[J].Gastroenterology, 2011, 141: 1254–1263.

[7]Petrov MS,Chakraborty M,Shanbhag S,et al.Organ failure and infection of pancreatic necrosis as determinants of mortality in patients with acute pancreatitis[J]. Gastroenterology,2010,139:813–820.

[8]Banks PA,Langevin RE,Gerzof SG,et al.CT-guided aspiration of suspected pancreatic infection:bacteriology and clinical outcome[J].Int J Pancreatol, 1995,18:265–270.

[9]Buter A,Imrie CW,Carter CR,et al.Dynamic nature of early organ dysfunction determines outcome in acute pancreatitis[J].Br J Surg,2002,89:298–302.

[10]Abu-Hilal M ,Johnson CD.Persistent organ failure during the first week as a marker of fatal outcome in acute pancreatitis[J].Gut,2004,53:1340-1344.

[11]Banks PA,Dervenis C,Bollen TL,et al.Classification of acute pancreatitis-2012:revision of the Atlanta classification and definitions by international consensus[J]. Gut,2013,62(1):102-111.

[12]Marshall JC,Cook DJ,Christou NV,et al.Multiple organ dysfunction score:a reliable descriptor of a complex clinical outcome[J].Crit Care Med, 1995,23: 1638–1652.

[13]Mofidi R,Duff MD,Wigmore SJ,et al. Association between early systemic inflammatory response,severity of multiorgan dysfunction and death in acute pancreatitis[J].Br J Surg,2006,93(6):738–744.

[14]Vege SS, Gardner TB, Chari ST, et al. Low mortality and high morbidity in severe acute pancreatitis without organ failure:a case for revising the Atlanta classification to include “moderately severe acute pancreatitis”[J].Am J Gastroenterol,2009,104:710–715.

[15]Windsor JA,Petrov MS.Classification of the severity of acute pancreatitis:how many categories make sense[J].Am J Gastroenterol,2010,105:74–76.

[16]Acevedo-Piedra,Moya-Hoyo N,Rey-Riveiro M,et al.Validation of the determinant-based classification and revision of the Atlanta classification systems for acute pancreatitis[J].Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol,2014,12(2):311-316.

[17]MaravíPoma E,Laplaza Santos C,Gorraiz López B,et al.Clinical pathways for acute pancreatitis:Recommendations for early multidisciplinary management[J]. Med Intensiva,2012,36(5):351-357.

论文作者:赵强

论文发表刊物:《医药前沿》2016年5月第14期

论文发表时间:2016/6/21

标签:;  ;  ;  ;  ;  ;  ;  ;  

急性胰腺炎最新分类解读论文_赵强
下载Doc文档

猜你喜欢